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PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davin Lypic FuNnpb
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4
* MYCOLOGIA
IN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY
Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellissand B. M. Everhart in 1885
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
Volume IV, 1912
WITH 24 PLATES AND 5 FIGURES
fora a)
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
JOSEPH C. ARTHUR FRANKLIN S. EARLE GEORGE MASSEE HOWARD J. BANKER BRUCE FINK NARCISSE PATOUILLARD GIACOMO BRESADOLA ROBERT A. HARPER LARS ROMELL FREDERICE. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE FRED J. SEAVER
JOHN DEARNESS PAUL MAGNUS CORNELIUS L. SHEAR
PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Z4246637
By THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA.
4
TABLE OE--CONTENTS
PAGE
No. 1. JANUARY iigsmarions of Fungi—X, by WILLIAM A. MURRILL............¢.cee0008 I Situeecsotwredineae in 1910, by J.C. ARTHUR... 00... ected eee eee eee 7 Botuyospaderia on Cotton Bolls, by C. W. EDGERTON.............000000 34 Seger faut! IN| Ores ire, Ree SU ORE ear ry a th ee eee on 37,
No. 2. Marcu
TS AEAOUIBIR “Jp o ew shes REO SS ep I CREO Gt a ee 45 Comper Oredimeacin torn, by J. Cy ARTHUR... 0. ess cece eens aes 49 A Black Knot Disease of Dianthera americana L., by I. M. LEwis........ 66
The Agaricaceae of Tropical North America—V, by WiLt1AmM A. MuRRILL, 72 Notes on Iowa Saprophytes—I. Geaster minimus Schw. and Its Relatives,
mm ME ste ONCE GDE, go eter cart eo sive le thc chee ys saseidie ee s!/e eye,0 4 she's eerie #8 oe 84 thiausotweca clavata, by W. C. CokKER and O. W. HYMAN...........-.-- 87 Polyporaceae and Boletaceae of the Pacific Coast, by Wi1Lt1AmM A. MuRRILL. 91 Pe Remeee cms CUMS RTT ae Te RGN, Sica WIE eve overs! oa aes o'e. Glide ® oteleleie ele adie ela vile 6 101
No. 3. May Preliminary Notes on Three Rots of Juniper, by G. G. HEpccock and W.
(FE LD aig onl yg BS a a a I eg 109 iicweemusmcasiosphaeria, by FRED J. SEAVER.../.....0..000 0 ccc ccwe nes Ts An Enumeration of Lichens Collected by Clara Eaton Cummings in Jamaica
ETN COT N AWW). oINTDDEE: 6 ile ole:c coco dns 6-600 odicie ene So eee eve eres Os 25 Notes on Some Western Uredineae which Attack Forest Trees, by GEORGE ME Eee ele PG COCK «6 6c c:e'e esiGicle aie bee ses clees RRP ees cide Gon ch 141
Notes upon Tree Diseases in the Eastern States, by PERLEY SPAULDING.... 148 Oropogon loxensis and Its North American Distribution, by R. HEBER
TRIER >, MTB. 5 Sighs eels aS ik OI oR Rn 152 Whee So Fuk IN@UUSSIE elas eet ies ea I oe en SP 157, iidexmemanerican Mycological. Literature. ......c.......c ccc ec ct cc sces 160
No. 4. JuLy
iilusteations of Fungi—Xf, by Winttam A. MuURRILL............00.00008 163 The Large Leaf Spot of Chestnut and Oak, by ARTHUR H. GRAVES........ 170 Cultutessof Eleteroecious Rusts, by W. P. FRASER. .....0....c 000 cccecece E75 Correlation between Certain Species of Puccinia and Uromyces, by C.
1S ARTIGDINT -g-giee dd ge IARC ese OP op nL Oe 194 The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—I, by WiLL1Am A. MuRRILL....... 205 Artificial Cultures of Ascobolus and Aleuria, by B..O. DopGE............ 218 IWENGAS, cha. INGE Gh ARIS AIT A a 223 Indextememerican Mycological Literature. ........ 050. .0.c0cceccce ces 2277
Vv
Nal TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
No. 5. SEPTEMBER The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—II, by WiLtt1Am A. MURRILL...... 231
Polystictus versicolor as a Wound Parasite of Catalpa, by Ne1L E. STEVENS. 263 Type Studies in the Hydnaceae—I. The Genus Manina, by Howarp J.
BANKER 2. cee 0 bie b's meee ye ote wow me Be alee ne ole Sane eee 29% Aspergillus Infecting Malacosoma at High Temperatures, by WiLson P.
GEE’ and A; BALLARD MASSEY. ..-...... 000.5 oe vs ccm eee ee 279 Two New Species of Rusts, by Writiam H. LONG... . jo 6o6 nee ee 282 Index to American Mycological Literature... 7.0. 2...) see ee 285
No. 6. NovEMBER
Illustrations of Fungi—XII, by Wittiam A, MusRILL. 76 eee ee 289
The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—III, by Witt1aAm A. MuRRILL...... 294 Type Studies in the Hydnaceae—II. The Genus Steccherinum, by Howarp
J. BANKER oo. ce. ees ele ena coc cee swiss sin 0 ee tele ae eee 309 Achlya DeBaryana Humphrey and the Prolifera Group, by W. C. COKER... 319 Achlya glomerata sp. nov., by W. C, COKER... i... 2.000 tee 325 News and Notes. 6.260600 02% 0 0005 0% spree ages caste lel ece ote ee 327
Index to American Mycological Literature... .. 2.1. cca ose eee ee 333
' \ shi ny af : ‘> % ee 4 ' | us | re 2 ; =~ ally
MYCOLOGIA PLATE LVI
ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI
MYCOLOGIA
VoL. IV JANUARY, IQ12 No. 1
ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI—X
Witt1AM A. MurRRILL
All of the accompanying illustrations were drawn from speci- mens collected in the vicinity of Bronx Park. They are repro- duced here natural size, but some of them, especially figures 5, 6, and 12, represent rather small forms of the species in question.
Hypholoma appendiculatum ( Bull.) Quel. APPENDICULATE HyPHOLOMA
rate 56. FIGURES:1 and 2; x 1
Pileus fleshy, fragile, thin, convex to expanded, cespitose or gre- garious, 2-6 cm. broad; surface glabrous or whitish-pulverulent, rarely floccose-scaly, usually cracking with age, hygrophanous, varying in color from pale-yellowish to light-brown or dark honey- yellow, fading when old or dry; lamellae adnate, close, narrow, white or creamy-white to purplish-brown; spores ovoid, smooth, purplish-brown, 7 X 4; stipe slender, equal, hollow, white, gla- brous below, pruinose at the apex, 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick; veil white, delicate, evanescent, clinging to the margin of young plants as shred-like appendages.
This is everywhere recognized as one of the best and most dainty edible species. It is very widely distributed and grows in abundance throughout the season about dead wood or in soil rich in decayed wood. The two figures represent two color forms found growing together at the base of an elm.
[Mycorocia for November, 1911 (3: 271-304), was issued November 20, rg11]
i}
2 MyYcCOLOGIA
Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Queél. HEMISPHERIC STROPHARIA PLATE 56. FIGURE 3.4 X 1
Pileus fleshy, subglobose to hemispheric, gregarious to sub- cespitose, I-3 cm. broad; surface light-yellow, smooth, glabrous, very viscid when moist; lamellae adnate, broad, yellow, soon clouded with the ripening spores; spores ellipsoid, smooth, brownish-purple, 12-14 X 7-Qm; stipe slender, cylindric, light- yellow, smooth, viscid, 6-9 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick ; veil glutinous when moist, leaving an incomplete, superior ring.
Common and widely distributed but rarely abundant in manured fields or on dung in pastures throughout the growing season. Stevenson says it is considered poisonous, but later authors claim that it is edible, although its favorite habitat and its slimy char- acter are objectionable to most persons. The name is exceedingly well chosen, as the shape of its cap is as near an exact hemi- sphere as one is able to find among living things.
Coprinus Brassicae Peck CABBAGE COPRINUS PLATE 567 “EPICURE 45 KT
Pileus membranous, conic or ovoid to oblong, at length expand- ing, the margin often recurving and splitting, closely gregarious or cespitose by crowding, about 7-10 mm. broad; surface white, squamulose, finely striate, becoming isabelline, with the scales showing in patches; lamellae adnexed, narrow, crowded, ferrugi- nous-brown; spores broadly ellipsoid, almost subglobose, smooth, umbrinous under the microscope, 7X 5p; stipe slender, snow- white, smooth, glabrous, hollow, 1-2 cm. long, less than I mm. thick, except at the base; veil represented by a ring of delicate, powdery scales at the base of the stipe, which are similar to those on the pileus. - This species was first described by Dr. Peck from plants he collected. on decaying cabbage stems at Menands, New York, in August, 1889. ‘Last June it occurred in abundance on a pile of cornstalks in thin woods east of Bronx Park. The identity of the species was suggested by Professor L., H..Pennington, who was working upon the genus at the Garden a little later in the
year.
MURRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 3
Vaginata farinosa (Schw.) Murrill
MEALY AGARIC PLATE SOs SPIGURE 5. 2<-1
Pileus thin, nearly plane, 2-3 cm. broad; surface grayish to murinous, deeply striate on the margin, floccose-powdery, espe- cially on the disk; lamellae free, white; spores subglobose to ovoid or ellipsoid, smoth, 6-7 »; stipe cylindric, hollow or stuffed, white or gray, subbulbous, farinaceous, 4-7 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick ; volva floccose-powdery, evanescent.
This species was described from North Carolina as an Amanita and later placed in Amamtopsis. It is more common in Virginia and farther south than it is in New York, although occurring in open deciduous woods throughout the eastern United States. The plant is too small and scattered to be considered economically.
Pleurotus geogenius (DC.) Quel. EARTH-LOVING PLEUROTUS RATES O:, :hIGURE 16; 0 Xe
Pileus fleshy, erect, fan-shaped or semi-infundibuliform, often divided nearly to the base, at other times wavy or lobed at the margin, which is at first incurved, 4-9 cm. broad; surface smoth, glabrous above, whitish-pruinose behind, avellaneous-isabelline to chestnut-brown, dry or viscid according to the weather; lamellae white, narrow, crowded, sometimes forked behind, decurrent to the base of the stipe or nearly so; spores subovoid, smooth, hya- line, 7-8 X 3.5-4y; cystidia fusoid, hyaline, 60-70 X 12-15 p; stipe always lateral with a dorsal groove, short, white, pruinose, I-3 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick; flesh white, with farinaceous odor and taste.
For the last three seasons, this species has appeared in abund- ance on my lawn in the shadow of the house, and I have had the opportunity to study it very closely. On first comparing it in Europe with specimens of P. geogentus, it seemed very different, the European form being darker, thicker, and firmer, with longer and thicker stipe. Specimens collected last October, however, were much darker than usual, and others found later near Seattle, Washington, first by Mr. S. M. Zeller and afterwards by myself on two occasions, proved to be quite typical both in color and
4 MycoLocIa
form. The spores and cystidia of the New York plant are slightly smaller than those of the European form. The pileus is very viscid in wet weather.
There is no reference, so far as I know, to the occurrence va: this species in America. Its habitat for a Pleurotus is so peculiar that it would probably be referred to Chitocybe or some other genus. The New York specimens grew among the grass, in slight depressions between the clumps; the Washington specimens were found in bare ground out in the open; while in Europe the species often occurs in the woods.
Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) Quel. CRACKED INOCYBE PLATE 56. FicuRE 7. oxXr
Pileus fleshy, thin, broadly conic or campanulate to expanded, obtuse or umbonate, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface silky-fibrous, radiate-rimose, yellowish-brown; lamellae adnexed, pallid to tan or subferruginous; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, dull- ferruginous, 7-9 X 3.5-5; cystidia very scarce, 60-65 K 15-18 p; stipe equal, firm, solid, pruinose at the apex, subglobose below, pallid, slightly bulbous at the base, 2-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick.
Very common throughout the northern hemisphere on the ground in woods, and usually recognizable by its very conspicuous radiate splitting. It is considered poisonous by Kobert. None of the species of the genus should be eaten, because some of them are poisonous and the distinctions are very difficult to make.
Collybidium zonatum (Peck) Murrill ZONED COLLYBIDIUM PLATE 56. PaGuRE Gs, ><a
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, much resembling a Marasmius, usually cespitose, 1-2.5 cm. broad; surface fibrillose- tomentose, tawny or ochraceous-tawny, sometimes marked with slightly darker zones; lamellae narrow, close, free, white or whitish, edges whitish-pulverulent; spores broadly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 5-7 X 3-4; stipe firm, equal, hollow, similar to the pileus in color and covering, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Described by Peck as a Collybia from specimens collected at
MurRRILL: [ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 5)
the base of an elm in Albany, New York, and afterwards found in several other eastern states on dead roots and buried twigs in partial shade. A smaller species very similar to this has also been described by Peck as Collybia stipitaria. They will both probably be referred to a division of Marasmius when that large genus is segregated.
Coprinus Spraguei Berk. & Curt.
SPRAGUE’S COPRINUS PLATE 56: FIGURE 9: xX I
Pileus very thin, ovoid to campanulate-conic, at length ex- panded, somewhat depressed, 2-2.5 cm. broad; surface plicate, with striate margin, subtomentose, grayish, becoming avellaneous along the ridges and fumosous in the grooves, umbo glabrous, light-brown, avellaneous when old; lamellae free, few, narrow; spores ellipsoid, smooth, black, 8-9 & 4—5 »; stipe white or light- brownish, smooth, glabrous, shining, hollow, surmounted by a disk at the apex to which the lamellae are attached, 5-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick.
Common in the eastern United States in rich grassy or partially shaded places, either single or slightly clustered. It was first named from Sprague’s collections in New England but has been known under several names in this country. Our New York plants agree well with the types at Kew.
Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. HORN Ory >ERNTY., ATRIES LovING CUP PEA sO. MIGURE 10.0, 3< 1
Pileus trumpet-shaped, thin, flexible, gregarious or cespitose, 5-10 cm. long, reaching 8 cm. broad at the top, margin erect to decurved and lobed; surface more or less scaly, blackish-brown ; hymenium even or somewhat wrinkled, cinereous; spores ellip- soid, smooth, subhyaline, 12-17 * 7-8; stipe very short or obsolete.
This species is exceedingly easy to recognize by its shape and color, and is considered very good for the table. It occurs during late summer and fall in open woods throughout a wide area of distribution in temperate regions.
6 MycoLoGIaA
Hygrophorus flavodiscus Frost YELLOW-DISKED HyGROPHORUS PEATE (56. FIGURE Tipe cr
Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, 3-8 cm. broad; surface glabrous, very viscid, white with pale-yellow or reddish-yellow center; flesh white; lamellae adnate or decurrent, subdistant, white, slightly tinged with flesh-color at times, the interspaces sometimes venose; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 6-7.5 x 4-5»; stipe subequal, solid, very viscid, white at the apex, white or yellowish below, 3-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick.
A beautiful species, occurring in woods in autumn. Peck pub- lished it with Frost’s name and notes in the 35th annual state report, the plant being represented at the time by specimens from Vermont and New York.
Pleuropus abortivus (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill Clitopilus abortivus (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. ABORTIVE PLEUROPUS PLATE 56;- FIGURE 122 Soa
Pileus of developed form fleshy, firm, convex to nearly plane or slightly depressed, usually entire on the margin, gregarious or cespitose, 5-10 cm. broad, the sporophores very commonly repre- sented by subglobose aborted masses of cellular tissue 3-6 cm. in diameter; surface of developed form dry, silky-tomentose, be- coming glabrous, gray or grayish-brown; flesh white, with fari- naceous odor and taste; lamellae adnate, close, thin, strongly de- current, whitish or pale-grayish, changing to salmon-colored; spores angular, uninucleate, salmon-colored, 8.5-10 & 6-7.5 p; stipe subequal, solid, slightly flocculose, longitudinally striate, con- colorous or paler than the pileus, 3.5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick.
Common on rich earth or much decayed wood in woods during late summer and autumn, from Canada to Alabama and west to Wisconsin and Mexico. It was very abundant about New York last September. It is an excellent edible species both in its fully developed and aborted forms, the latter being gathered by tne Indians for the market in some parts of Mexico.
CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN togr1o p. GS ARTHUR
The present article is the eleventh of a series of reports’ by the writer upon the culture of plant rusts, beginning in 1899. Almost uniform progress has been made during the twelve years in the prime purpose of the work, that of experimentally connecting the sporophytic and gametophytic phases of heteroecious rusts, as well as the study of autoecious species and in some cases the detection of races. The work of the year is representative in these several respects. It was under the charge of Miss Irma A. Uhde, a senior student in general science in the University of Iowa, who was recommended by Professor Thomas H. Macbride. Miss Uhde conducted the work with fine insight and untiring patience, securing a notably large number of successful infections. Some of the sowings, particularly those of the cedar rusts were made and the records kept by Dr. F. D. Kern. All the work was done under the auspices of the Indiana Experiment IE, and financed from the Adams fund.
There are some very common American rusts that collectors of culture material are likely to send in considerable abundance every year, such as Puccima Caricis, P. Pecku, P. angustata and the Aster-Solidago-Erigeron group among the sedge rusts, and P. poculiformis, P. pustulata, P. Andropogonis, P. Impatientis and P. fraxinata among the grass rusts. These are usually sown, although the life cycle is known, and when time and opportunity permit some tests are made regarding their less known aecial hosts and the possibility of races. While these and similar species take time that could usually be put upon less known forms to better advantage, there is another set of common rusts often sent by collectors, whose life cycle is not known, such as Puccima emaculata, P. Elhsiana, P. vexans, and the form on Carex Penn-
*See Bot. Gaz. 29: 268-276; 35: 10-23; Jour, Myc. 8: 51-56; 10: 8-21;
Il: 50-67; 12: 11-27; 13: 189-205; 14: 7-26; Mycol. 1: 225-256; and 2: 213-240.
~l
8 . MycoLociIa
sylvanica, which consume time with no more profit. They have been repeatedly sown, but for want of careful field observations regarding proximity of aecia, little advance is made.
Those who assisted in the work with culture material, and often with valuable suggestions, are named with special gratitude, for to them is due in considerable degree whatever of value has come from the year’s labors. Mr. E. Bethel, Denver, Colo., sent 123 collections, by far the largest number contributed by one person in any year since the work began. Messrs. W. P. Fraser, Pictou, Nova Scotia, J: F.-Brenckle, Kulm, N. D., and. Wij. Bone Washington, D. C., sent between 30 and 40 collections each, while much smaller numbers were sent by Messrs. E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kans., J. M. Bates, Red Cloud, Neb., H. S. Coe, Ames, Iowa, J. J. Davis, Racine, Wis., A. C. Dillman, Washington, D. C., H. S. Fawcett, Gainesville, Fla., A. O. Garrett, Salt Lake City, Utah, R. A. Harper, Madison, Wis., E. W. D. Holway, Minne- apolis, Minn., Haven Metcalf, Washington, D. C., A. J. Norman, College Park, Md., E. W. Olive, Brookings, 5. D., J: Br Patleek, Ann Arbor, Mich., Donald Reddick, R. E. Stone, and H. H. Whetzel, all three of Ithaca, N. Y., Guy West Wilson, Fayette, Iowa, and by Misses Louise Falk, Boulder, Colo., and Miriam Turner, Isle au Haut, Me. Many living plants were received from a number of botanists to whom requests had been sent for suitable specimens on which to make sowings of particular rusts. To all these and to others who assisted in the year’s investigations the writer extends his heartiest thanks.
During the present season 294 collections of material with rest- ing spores and 25 collections with active spores were employed, from which 987 drop cultures were made to test the germinating — condition of the spores. Out of the 294 collections with resting spores 134 failed to germinate, leaving 160 collections available for experimental tests, this being a far larger number than in any previous year. Altogether about 400 sowings were made, using a great variety of hosts growing in pots in the greenhouse, and 75 infections obtained. The most important conclusions derived from a study of the results are given in the following paragraphs.
NEGATIVE RESULTS.—A number of collections giving good ger-
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 9
mination of the spores were sown on plants in the hope of dis- covering the alternate host but without securing infection. The following are recorded to serve for reference in future studies.
1. Pucctnia on Carex Pennsylvanica L., collected at Kulm, N. D., by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, was sown on Laciniaria punctata (on 4 different dates), L. spicata, Dirca palustris (2 dates), and Meriolix serrulata (2 dates), with no infection. In preceding years this rust was sown on forty other species of hosts without infection.’
2. PuccriniA on Carex tenella Schk., collected at Pictou, Nova Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown on Phryma lepto- stachya (on 2 different dates), with no infection. In 1909 a simi- lar collection was sown on six other species of hosts with no results.*
3. Puccinia on Carex stellulata Good., collected by the writer at Isle au Haut, Me., was sown on Aster Drummondu, Solidago canadensis, and Ribes Cynosbatt, with no infection.
4. PuccINIA on Carex trisperma Dewey, collected at Pictou, Nova Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown on Myrica cerifera, Apocynum cannabinum, Senecio Douglasu, and Soli- dago caesia, with no infection.
5. Puccinta on Carex arctata Boott, collected at Pictou, Nova Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown on Lysimachia terrestris, L. quadrifolia, Chelone glabra (on 2 different dates), Rudbeckia lacimata, and R. triloba, with no infection.
6. PUCCINIA PERMINUTA Arth., on Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. 5S. P., collected by the writer at Isle au Haut, Me., was sown on Orchis spectabilis and Actaea alba, with no infection. Another collection on A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm., collected at Pictou, Nova Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown on Aquilegia canadensis, Thalictrum dioicum, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Anemonella thalictroides, and Isopyrum biternatum, with no in- fection.
7. Pucctnta Exxistana Thiim., on Andropogon scoparius Michx., collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kulm, N. D., was
Ssecowour. Mycs IO: 10. 1904; II: 514 1905; 12: 12. 1906; 13: Tor. 1007; 14: 9. 1908; and Mycol. 1: 229. 19009. ¢ Seer Milycols 1 278.) * 1970:
10 MYcoLoGIA
sown on Boehmeria cylindrica, Uvularia grandiflora, Myrica ceri- fera, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Thalictrum polygamum, and Laci- niaria spicata, with no infection. Similar material from Colorado, Nebraska, Delaware and North Carolina was sown in previous seasons on thirty five other species of hosts.*
8. PuccInIA SCHEDONNARDI K. & S., on Schedonnardus panic- ulatus (Nutt.) Trel., collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Westminster, Colo., was sown on Delphinium formosum, Xanthoxylum ameri- canum, Symphoricarpos pauciflorus, Hydrophyllum virguucum, FH. capitatum, Onosmodium occidentale, Petalostemon purpureus, Amorpha nana, Boltoma asteroides, Grindelia squarrosa, Rud- beckia triloba, Lacimaria punctata, Solidago rigida, and Armca sp., with no infection. This collection possessed clean and well developed sori, and gave strong germination. Similar material in former years was sown on fifteen other species of hosts.
g. PuccINIA virGATA Ellis & Ev., on Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth., collected by Mr. W. H. Long at El Reno, Okla., was sown on Dirca palustris, Xanthoxylum americanum, Boeh- meria cylindrica, Aptos Apios, Petalostemon purpureus, and Mimulus ringens, with no infection. Similar material from Nebraska and North Carolina was sown in previous years on nine other species of hosts.®
10. Puccinta Tosta Arth., on Sporobolus asperifolius Nees & Meyen, collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle at Kulm, N. D., was sown on Lepargyraea canadensis, Dirca palustris, Symphoricarpos racemosus, Apocynum cannabinum, Delphinium formosum, Pole- montium reptans, Laciniaria punctata, Aster pamculatus, and Arnica sp., with no infection.
Another collection on same host, made by Mr. E. Bethel at Denver, Colo., was sown on Symphoricarpos racemosus, Lepar- gyraea canadensis, Phaceha heterophylla, Hydrophyllum virgimi- cum, Lithospermum canescens, Amorpha fruticosa, Arabis Hol- boellu, and Sidalcea oregana, with no infection. Similar material was sown in previous years on ten other species of hosts.”
“See Jour, Myc. 14: 10. eo08s Mycol: x. 2ar1G0G 7 2220. ORO.
5 See Bot. Gaz. 35: 11. 1903; Jour. Myc. 13: 192. 1907; 14: 11. 1908; and Mycol. 1: 231. 1909.
® See Jour. Myc. 14:,10. 1908; and’ Mycol;.2: (219; ro70: “See Jour. Myc: 10: 10: 004; -and 12:12: 19G6:
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO ig
tr. Puccrnta on Phalaris arundinacea L., collected by Dr. E. W. Olive, at Brookings, S. D., was sown on Polygonatum com- mutatum, Vagnera stellata, Convallaria majalis, Uvularia grandi- flora, and Trillium cernuum, with no infection.
12. Puccrnra Disticuuipis FE. & E., on Spartina sp., collected at Kulm, N. D., by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, was sown on Lithospermum canescens (on 2 different dates), Onosmodium Ihispidissimum, Lepargyraea canadensis (2 dates), Elaecagnus angustifolia, Dirca palustris, Fraxinus lanceolata, Symphoricarpos racemosus, Aescu- lus glabra, Apocynum cannabinum, Hydrophyllum capitatum, Macrocalyx Nyctelea, Isopyrum biternatum, Amorpha nana, Cas- sia chamacecrista, Petalostemon purpureus, Physalis sp., Ambro- sia trifida, and Carduus Flodmanu, with no infection. A year ago the same rust was sown on three other hosts without results.®
13. PuccInIA-ANTHOXANTHI Fckl., on Anthoxanthum odora- tum L., collected by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown on Berberis vulgaris, Myrica cerifera, Apocy- num cannabinum, Tissa canadensis, Senecio lugens, and Rud- beckia triloba, with no infection.
14. Pucctnia on Trisetum majus (Vasey) Rydb. having cov- ered telia and coronate teliospores, simulating P. Rhamm, col- lected in the foothills of Colorado, by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown on Rhamnus alnifolia from one collection, and on Rhamnus cath- artica from another. A similar collection from Golden, Colo., with same data, was sown on the two sets of Rhamnus, while another collection from Boulder, Colo., was sown on Mahonia Aquifolium and Arabis Holboellu. In each instance there was no infection.
I5. PUCCINIA MONTANENSIS Ellis, on Elymus canadensis L. collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Colorado Springs, Colo., was sown on Clematis virgimana (on 2 different dates), Viorna Douglasi (2 dates), Impatiens aurea, Delphinium scaposum, Viola septen- trionalis, Arabis Holboellii, Amorpha nana, Senecio Douglasii, and Arnica sp., with no infection. In 1907 what is thought to be the same rust was sown four times on Delphinium tricorne with- out result.®
® See Mycol. 2: 219. 1910. See Jour..Myci14: 11. 1908.
12 MycoLociA
16. Uromyces ErrocHaripis Arth., on Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S., collected by Dr. E. W. Olive, at Brookings aoe was sown on Laciniaria spicata, L. scariosa, Eupatorium seroti- num, Polygala Senega, Hydrophyllum virgincum, Amorpha fruti- cosa, Symphoricarpos racemosus, Lepargyraea canadensis, and Dirca palustris, with no infection. In 1906 the same rust was sown on five other species of hosts without results.*°
17, Uromyces SPARTINAE Farl., on Spartina Michauxiana A. S. Hitch. (usually listed as S. cynosuroides), collected by Pro- fessor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown on Steironema ciliatum (on 2 different dates), Polemonmum reptans, Phlox divaricata, and Tissa canadensis, with no infection.
Another collection from the same collector and place, but on S. patens (Ait.) Muhl., was sown on Steironema ciliatum (2 dates), Polemonium reptans, and Lysimachia terrestris, with no infection.
It is evident from the present repeated inability to infect Steironema with Spartina rust from the salt marshes of the sea coast, supposedly the same species as in the interior,“ that the status of this rust, or group of rusts, is not yet fully known. Kither we are dealing with more species than heretofore recog- nized, or there are biological races yet undetermined.
18. Uromyces PeckiAnus Farl., on Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, collected by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown on Tissa canadensis (on 2 different dates), Mimulus ringens, and Rudbeckia laciniata, with no infection.
19. UROMYCES GRAMINICOLA Burr., on Pamicum virgatum L., collected by Mr. W. H. Long, at El Reno, Okla., was sown on Dirca palustris, Apios tuberosa, and Boltoma asteroides, with no infection. Another collection on the same host sent by Mr. E. Bartholomew from Stockton, Kans., was sown on Apios tuberosa, Petalostemon purpureus, Cassia chamaecrista, Aesculus glabra, Apocynum cannabinum, and Lacimaria spicata, with no infection.
The same rust has been sown on eleven other species of hosts in previous years.
See Jour. Myc. 13: 193. 1907.
For a statement regarding Uromyces on Spartina see Mycol. 2: 221. IgIc. 12 See Jour... Myc. 12: 13. 1906; ‘Mycol: 1 57232. 1609; 2/3220. Tele:
——
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 13
20. Uromyces Sporospott E. & E., on Sporobolus neglectus Nash, collected by Dr. E. W. Olive, at Brookings, S. D., was sown on Lepargyraea canadensis, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Amor- pha nana, Erigeron annuus (on two different dates), and Arnica sp., with no infection.%?
21. AEcIpDIUM on Euphorbia commutata Engelm. was obtained in the vicinity of Lafayette, Ind., by Messrs. F. D. Kern and T. Billings. The living plants were placed in pots and continued to flourish. ‘They bore aecia in all stages of maturity. These plants were adjusted in a moist chamber over the following hosts, so that aeciospores fell spontaneously upon the young leaves: Astra- galus canadensis, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus palustris, Medicago sativa, and Trifolium pratense. No infection was obtained.
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES SUPPLEMENTING PREVIOUS WORK.—The facts derived by growing the following species of rusts supple- ment those obtained from previous cultures in this series or from cultures recorded by other American or European investigators.
1. PUCCINIA GROSSULARIAE (Schum.) Lagerh., on Carex tenums Rudge, collected at Pictou, Nova Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown April 7 on Erigeron annuus, Solidago cana- densis, Aster paniculatus and Ribes Cynosbati, with infection only on the last,’* showing pycnia April 16, and aecia April 25. Simi- lar material obtained by the writer at Isle au Haute, Me., was sown on the same hosts, but omitting Erigeron, and with similar results.
A collection on Carex pallescens L., made by Professor W. P. Fraser at Pictou, Nova Scotia, the previous fall, was sown April 8 on Erigeron annuus, Solidago canadensis, Aster paniculatus and Ribes Cynosbati, with infection only on the last, showing abundant pycnia April 16, and aecia April 22. A similar collec- tion, made by Prof. Fraser in the spring, was sown April 18, without infection, on Lysimachia terrestris, Lactuca scariola, Rudbeckia lacimata, Polygala Senega and Apocynum cannabinum. Two days earlier it was sown on Ribes Cynosbati, resulting in good infection, showing pycnia April 27, and aecia May 3.
wioce ot. Gaz: 35.2 11.. 1903. 4 For similar negative results see Mycol. 2: 218. 1910.
14 MycoLocIa
The Carex rusts having aecia on Ribes are yet imperfectly known. My own culture work began in 1901, and owing to the remarkably pale aecia produced, the form in hand at the time was named Puccima albiperidia. Since then many cultures have been made, and the status of the species has received considerable attention, but not until recently has any well marked morpho- logical characters been discovered. Present studies indicate that P. albiperidia is a species worthy of being maintained. Beside the more or less pale aecia it possesses one basal pore in the urediniospore.
It is curious to note that the only other species of monocotyle- donous rust known with a single basal pore in the urediniospore, Uromyces uniporulus Kern, is also on Carex. When published it had only been found in Connecticut on C. tenuis. Since then it has been detected in Wisconsin on C. gracillima. These are also the hosts of P. albiperidia, together with C. pallescens and C. pubescens. Comparing the spores, it appears that the uredinio- spores of the Puccinia and of the Uromyces not only agree in the pore characters, but also as to form, size and color, 1. e¢., in all morphological characters. The teliospores are also alike except in number of cells, and in the consequent length. If the sori of the Puccinia often contained many one-celled teliospores, and the sori of the Uromyces often had a few two-celled spores, U. uniporulus might be considered a mere mesoporic form of P. albiperidia. But such does not appear to be the case. However, while in the present state of uredinological taxonomy the two forms are to be maintained as distinct species belonging to dif- ferent genera, yet U. uniporulus is doubtless only a morpho- logical race of P. albiperidia. Cultures of P. albiperidia were made in 1901, 1903 and 1904.° No cultures have yet been made of U. umiporulus, but it probably has aecia on Ribes. The far more common-and widely distributed species, for which I am making the name’ Puccinia Grossulariae serve, has more deeply colored aecia and three equatorial pores im aie urediniospore. I am inclined to think that this is the common gooseberry-Carex rust of this country and Europe, but I am not able at present to define its limits, neither can.I say whether the
1% See Jour. Myc.’ 8: 53. 1902 * ro: 11. 1904; ‘and in part qr: 58. 1905,
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 15
currant-Carex rusts belong here or not. My previous cultures’® of this form have been reported under the name P. albiperidia, and confused with that species.
@-Puccinia Peckir (DeT:) Kellerm., on Carex lanuginosa Nuc. collected at Kulm, N. D., by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, was sown April 7 on Onagra biennis and Merioliv serrulata, with no infection on the latter, but with abundant pycnia on the former pri ko, and.aecia: April 25.
Another collection on Carex trichocarpa Muhl., made at Car- mel, Ind., by Messrs. F. D. Kern and A. G. Johnson, was sown April 13 on plants of the same two species of hosts with similar ’ results. There was no infection of the Meriolix, but abundance of pycnia showed on the Onagra April 23, and aecia May 5. <A duplicate sowing was made May 11, which gave a few pyenia on the Meriolix, but no aecia developed, while on the Onagra abundance of pycnia appeared May 19, and aecia May 27.1"
In previous years this species of rust has been grown on Onagra biennts and Gaura biennis, the two hosts being very simi- lar in vegetative structure. Aecia have been gathered in the field on a number of related hosts with less similarity in vegetative structure, such as Mertolix, but heretofore no cultural studies have been made. ‘The present attempt may be interpreted as indicating that certain outlying hosts are infected only under exceptionally favorable circumstances, or that there exist more or less well marked races.
3. Puccinta CARICIS-SOLIDAGINIS Arth., on Carex scoparia sem. collected by the writer at Isle au Haut, Me., was sown April 20, on Euthanua graminifolia (Solidago lanceolata) and Solidago rugosa, with infection only on the former, abundance of pycnia showing April 30, and aecia May g. Another sowing was made June 10 on the same two hosts, and on S. canadensis, S. nemoralis, Doellingeria umbellata and Aster paniculatus, with
erSee jour. Myc. 1: 58.\1905 (in part).; 12: 14. 1906; 13: 106. i907; and EAls) 14 LOOSs
% For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 13. 1903; Jour. Myc. 8: 52. 1902; Peres omMGnn | 2° 15-1906 ; 13; 195. 1907; Mycol. 1: 233. 1909; and 2:-222.
IQ1O.
16 Myco.Locia
infection only on the Euthamia, showing pycnia June 18, and aecia July 75.7%
All the hosts used in the trial are common in the vicinity where the telial material was obtained and bear aecia. It is highly prob- able that the aecial forms occurring on Solidago, Aster, Erigeron, Euthamia, and possibly Doellingeria, belong to one species made up of fairly well defined races. The form on Euthamia appears from present data to constitute a race distinct from that on Solidago, but is here included under the same name.
4. Puccinra Caricis-AstTeris Arth., on Carex festiva Dewey collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Tolland, Colo., 9,000 feet altitude, was sown April 13, on Aster adscendens Lindl. (A. Tweedy Rydb.), and the day following on Onagra biennis, with no infec- tion on the latter and abundant infection on the former, giving pycnia April 27, and aecia May 2. Another collection with same data was sown on Aster adscendens April 9, and again on May 4, only the latter being effective, giving pycnia in abundance May 14, and aecia May: 21."®
5. Puccinia Opizit Bubak, on Carex siccata Dewey, collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kulm, N. D., was sown as follows:
April 9, Lactuca canadensis: pycnia April 16, aecia April 25.
April 9, Lactuca sativa: pycnia April 25, aecia May 2.
April 19, Lactuca canadensis: pycnia April 30, aecia none.
April 19, Lactuca sativa: pycnia May 6, aecia none.
In the sowings on both dates the infection developed more slowly and less abundantly on the garden lettuce (L. sativa), than on the wild form. In both of the late sowings the aecia failed to appear, because the leaves matured too soon and died.*°
6. PUCCINIA UNIVERSALIS Arth., on Carex stenophylla Wahl, collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Boulder, Colo., was sown April 109, on Artemisia dracunculoides, giving abundance of pycnia April 29, and aecia May 3." .
For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 21. 1903; Jour. Myc. 12: 15. 1906; and Mycol. 1: 233. 1909.
1 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 15. 1903; Jour. Myc. 8: 54. 1902; 14: 13. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 224. 1910. :
20 For previous culture from an undetermined Carex see Jour. Myc. 13: 194.
1907. 21 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 21. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 224. 1910.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO Leh
7, PUCCINIA Caricis (Schum.) Schrot., on Carex aristata R. Br., collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kulm, N. D., was sown April 7, on Urtica gracilis and Boehmeria cylindrica, with infec- tion only on the former, giving pycnia April 13, and aecia April 19.
Another collection on Care.v stricta Lam., made in the vicinity of Lafayette, Ind., by Mr. A. G. Johnson, was sown April 13, on the same two hosts, producing infection only on Urtica gracilis, giving pycnia April 22, and aecia April 27. Similar results were obtained in previous years.”
8. PUCCINIA ANGUSTATA Peck, on Scirpus atrovirens Muhl., collected by Messrs. F. D. Kern and A. G. Johnson, at Carmel, Ind., was sown April 7, on Lycopus americanus, giving pycnia April 16, and aecia April 22. Another similar collection made by Mr. A. G. Johnson near Lafayette, Ind., was sown on same host April 13, giving pycnia April 25, and aecia May 1.*?
g. Pucctn1A ANDROPOGONIS Schw., on Andropogon wvirginicus ity, collected at-Clarendon, W. Va., by Mr. W. H.. Long, was sown May 13, on Pentstemon lursutus, giving pycnia May 23, and aecia June 7. Another collection on A. scoparius Michx., made ac moulder, Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown May 12 on Comandra umbellata and Pentstemon alpinus, with infection only on the latter, and not abundant, pycnia and aecia not being ob- setved until May 31.74
10. PUCCINIA PUSTULATA (Curt.) Arth., on Andropogon fur- catus Muhl., collected at Plainview, Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown April 13, on Comandra umbellata and Pentstemon barbatus, giving rise to infection only on the former, showing pycnia April 27, and aecia May 9. Another collection by Mr. Bethel from Colorado on Andropogon sp., was sown May 12 on Comandra umbellata and Pentstemon alpinus, with infection only on the former, giving pycnia in abundance May 20, and aecia May 31.75
“For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 270. 1900; 35: 16. 1903; Jour. Myc. 8: 52. 1902; 12: 15. 1906; 14: 14. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 223. 1910.
* For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 273. 1900; Jour. Myc. 8: 53. 1902; 11: 58. 1905; 13: 196. 1907; 14: 14. 1908; and Mycol. 1: 234. 1909.
For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 272. 1900; Jour. Myc. 10: 11.
O04, and 13) 197. 1907. * For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 10: 17. 1904; and 12: 16, 1906.
18 MYcoLoGIA
11. PUCCINIA AMPHIGENA Diet., on Calamovilfa longifoha (Hook.) Hack., collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kulm, NO D;, was sown April 25, on Smilax Iuspida, giving rise to pycnia in abundance May 2, and aecia May 14.”°
12. Puccinta MUHLENBERGIAE Arth. & Holw., on Muhlen- bergia racemosa. (Michx.) B. S. P., collected: by aan Brenckle, at Kulm, N. D., was sown May 6, on Hibiscus militaris, Napaea dioica and Callirrhoe involucrata, with infection only on the last, giving abundance of pycnia that were first seen May 23, and aecia May 27.27 Another collection of the rust on MW. gracilis, sent by Mr. E. Bethel, from the foothills of Colorado, was sown on the same three hosts, with no infection. Still a third collec- tion, on M. racemosa, sent by Mr. E. Bartholomew from Stock- ton, Kans., was sown May 11, on Hibiscus militaris and Althaea rosea, without infection.
13. PuccintA RHAMNI (Pers.) Wettst., on Calamagrostis can- adensis (Michx.) Beauv., collected by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown May 26, on Rhamnus alnifolia, giving a strong infection, pycnia showing June 6, and aecia June 10. The only previous cultures in the series were made with aeciospores.?® 7
14. PUCCINIA POCULIFORMIS (Jacq.) Wettst., on Agropyron tenerum Vasey, collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Boulder, Colo., was sown April 25, on Berberis vulgaris, giving pycnia May 2, and aecia May 14. Another collection by Mr. Bethel, on Sitamion longifolium J. G. Sm., made at Eldorado Springs, Colo., was sown May 3, on Berberis vulgaris, giving pycnia May 14, and aecia May 26. Still another collection on Agrostis alba L., made by the writer at Isle au Haut, Me., was sown April 19, on Berberis vulgaris, giving pycnia April 29, and aecia May 9g.”°
I5. PUCCINIA SUBNITENS Diet., on Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kulm, N. D., was sown May 4, on Chenopodium album, Monolepis Nuttalliana, and Cory-
76 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 20. 1903; Jour. Myc. 10: 11. 1904; 12:16. 1906; I4%.15; 1908; and Milycol.: 2; 225, s19Me:
77 For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 251. 1909; and 2: 226. I9gI0.
28 See Jour. Myc. 11: 58: 1905.
7°? For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 8: 53. 1902; II: 57. 1905; 12: 17. 1906;.13: 198. 1907; 14: 16.. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 227. 1910.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 19
dalis aurea, with infection only on the first, giving numerous pycnia May 16, and aecia May 21. Another sowing was made May 25, on Chenopodium album, Monolepis Nuttalliana, Cory- dalis sempervirens, and Tissa canadensis, and again infection was only obtained on the first, giving pycnia June 5, and aecia June 16. These attempts add nothing materially to previous knowledge.*°
16. PUCCINIA JAMESIANA (Peck) Arth., on Atheropogon curti- penduims (Michx.) Fourn., collected by Mr. W. H. Long, at Amarillo, Texas, was sown April 19, on Asclepias syriaca, giving pycnia May 3, and aecia May g. Previous cultures were fe made with Texan material sent by Mr. Long.*?
17. PuccintA SEYMOURIANA Arth., on Spartina Michauxiana A. S. Hitch, collected by Mr. W. H. Long, at El Reno, Okla., was sown June 3, on Cephalanthus occidentalis, giving numerous pycnia June 11, and aecia June 24.*?
18. Puccin1iA STIPAE Arth., on Stipa spartea Trin., collected by Dr. E. W. Olive, at Brookings, S. D., was sown May Io, on Aster ericoides and A. Novae-Angliae, giving pycnia in both cases May 19, without developing aecia on A. ericoides, but giving aecia on A. Novae-Angliae May 26. |
Another collection made by the writer on the same host, at Spirit Lake, Iowa, was sown April 28, on Aster multiflorus, giving pycnia May 6, and aecia May 17. A second sowing was made May 6, on Aster Novae-Angliae, with pycnia May 16, and aecia May 23; on A. multiflorus, with pycnia May 17, and aecia May 23; on Solidago canadensis, with pycnia May 24, and aecia June 6; and on Grindelia squarrosa, without infection.
Another collection made by Mr. E. Bethel, at Golden, Colo., on Stipa sp., was sown April 22, on Aster Novae-Angliae, with pycnia May 2, and aecia May 16, on Grindelia squarrosa, with pycnia May 2, and aecia May 16, and on the following hosts without infection: Aster ericoides, A. multiflorus, Solidago cana-
30 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 19. 1903; Jour. Myc. 11: 54. 1905; G2 -0rO. N9O6): 13> 197. 1907; 14: 15. 1908; Mycol. 1: 234. 1909; and 2); 225. IQIO.
31 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 18. 1903.
82 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 12: 24. 1906; and Mycol. 1: 236. 1909.
20 MyYcoLociIa
densis, Armca sp., Boltoma asteroides, Lacimaria scariosa, Sym- phoricarpos racemosus, and Hydrophyllum virgimcum.
Still another collection of what appears to be the same species of rust was collected on Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., by Miss Louise M. Falk, at Boulder Colo., and sown April 27, on Senecio lugens, Grindelia squarrosa, Symphoricarpos racemosus, Hydro- phyllum virginicum, and Arabis Holboelliu, with infection only on the first, which showed pycnia May 14, and aecia May 109.
The aecia on the several hosts, thus produced, correspond in structure, and are peculiar in having evanescent peridia, the spores being retained by the surrounding tissues of the hypertrophied leaf. The striking appearance of the aecial groups suggested one of the early synonyms: Aecidium sclerothecioides Ellis & Ev. These cultures, although still lacking in completeness, have enabled us to bring together a number of uncertain forms with a considerable degree of assurance, and to extend both aecial and telial hosts.
19. PUCCINIA ARGENTATA (Schultz) Wint. At my request Professor Guy West Wilson, of Fayette, lowa, made a somewhat trying excursion to Decorah, Iowa, and with the aid of directions supplied by Professor E. W. D. Holway, who resided there for many years, obtained living plants of Adoxa Moschatellina L., bearing aecia, which were potted and thrived. Two sowings were made April 18, by suspending the plants of Adoxa bearing aecia over plants of Impatiens aurea. In both instances a great abundance of urediniospores began to appear May 2. Again on April 21, two more similar sowings were made on other plants of Impatiens, and an equal abundance of urediniospores appeared May 3. These were followed on all four plants by an unusual abundance of teliospores, the record being made June 6, although they first appeared somewhat earlier.
The aecia on Adoxa, which are of limited distribution in Amer- ica, early attracted the writer’s attention, and as early as 1883*° a first attempt was made toward solving their life history. Since the cultures of Bubak** proved that the European form on Ado.xa was the aecial stage of telia on Impatiens, I have attempted to
3 Bot. Gaz. 10: 360: 1885, 4 Centr. Bakt.2107:) 574.1903;
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 21
secure American material for cultures, and the ample success when finally obtained is most gratifying. The American and European collections of this interesting heteroecious rust appear alike, and the present cultures show them to be identical.
20. Puccinia AnsintHi DC., on a densely canescent species - of Artemisia, collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Boulder, Colo., was sown April 20, on A. dracunculoides, giving pycnia May 2, and uredinia May 20, thus confirming the previous cultures of two years ago.*®
21. UROMYCES PERIGYNIUS Halst., on Carex intumescens Rudge, collected by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown April 21, on Solidago nemoralis, again April 26, on S. cana- densis, on May 13, on both S. nemoralis and S. canadensis, and also on Aster paniculatus, and finally May 14, on Tissa canadensis and Artemisia ludoviciana. Quite unexpectedly the only sowing producing infection was on Aster, giving pycnia May 19, and aecia May 31, both abundantly developed.
Another collection apparently of the same rust, sent by Pro- fessor Fraser, on Carex deflera Hornem., was sown May 28, on Solidago rugosa, S. canadensis and Aster Drummondu, with in- fection only on the first, giving abundance of pycnia June 4, and aecia June 16.
A collection on Carex deflexa, collected by the writer at Isle au Haut, Me., was sown May 13, on Solidago rugosa, S. nemoralis, and Aster ericoides. On S. rugosa numerous pycnia appeared May 20, and aecia May 31, but S. memoralis remained free. The Aster, moreover, showed pycnia May 24, and aecia June 6, but they were not numerous and grew slowly. Solidago rugosa has been taken with aecia in the telial vicinity, but Aster ericoides does not grow there neither does any closely related species of Aster.
Considerable study has been given to the species of Uromyces on Care. since the initial and only culture®® in 1903. Some of the conclusions may be briefly stated, without giving the steps by which they were reached. We are doubtless dealing with races, more or less well defined, parallel with the races of the Puccinia- group, which latter goes under several names, two being given
*® See Mycol. 1: 243. 1000. epee vous. Myc. 102.15. 1904,
22 MyYCOLOGIA
above under nos. 3 and 4, and which have aecia on Aster, Solidago, Euthamia, Erigeron, and close relatives. As the aecia and ure- dinia of the two groups, one under the genus Puccima and the other under Uromyces, are indistinguishable, and as the telio- spores of the Uromyces agree with the one-celled spores of the Puccinia, and also with the two-celled spores in all characters except number of cells and consequent length, the former doubt- less are morphological races of the latter. Relationship could be shown better by putting all of these forms under one specific name, and designating the several races by varietal names. But in the present state of taxonomy of the rusts it is more convenient to dispose of them under the two genera: Puccimia and Uromyces.
The collection on Carex intumescens used in the culture is in all respects identical with the type collection of Uromyces perigy- nius, which was also on C. intumescens, but in the latter the large green perigynia also bore sori as well as the leaves, which unusual but incidental fact suggested the name. ‘The similarity of this species with the form having aecia on Solidago was pointed out in 1903,°7 but for precautionary reasons it was thought best at that time to give the latter a separate name, U. Solidagimi-Caricis Arth. This name now becomes a synonym of the former, or may be used to indicate the biological race with aecia on Solidago. ‘The type host of this form has been determined as C. deflexa, and not C. varia as originally stated.
It is further probable that the form on Carex scoparia bearing the name U. caricina Peck, which often shows larger spores, should be referred to U. perigymus, the last being the oldest name of the three. A collection of this on C. scoparia was sent by Pro- fessor Fraser, from Pictou, Nova Scotia, and sown on Lysimachia terrestris, without infection. Its possible relation to the Aster- Solidago group did not come to mind soon enough to put the mat- ter tovantest: |
22. Uromyces Juncr (Desm.) Tul., on Juncus balticus Willd. collected at Kulm, N. Dak., by Dr. J. F. Brenckle was sown April 14 on Carduus Flodmanu, Arnica sp., Grindelia squarrosa, Am- brosia trifida, and Sidalcea oregana, with infection only upon the first, showing pycnia April 29, and aecia May 4. Another sowing
oe
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQI0 23
May 10 on Carduus Flodmanii produced pycnia May 19 and aecia June 5. Another collection from the same place but taken at a different date was sown May 19 on Carduus Flodmanu, showing pycnia May 28 and aecia June 5. Three other collections of what appears to be the same rust on the same host, also sent from Kulm, N. Dak., by Dr. Brenckle but collected at different times were sown on Carduus Flodmantiu (various dates), and one of these was also sown upon eighteen other species of hosts, all with no infection. Still another collection on J. balticus from Granby, Colo., sent by Mr. E. Bethel was sown on Carduus Flodmanu without infection.
The results here given appear to support the suggestion made in the last report®® that this species is composed of races. The failure to infect Pulicaria with American material, as there stated, seems to indicate that American and European forms rep- resent different races. The failure to infect Carduus with some of the sowings was also doubtless due to the existence of races. Mr. Bethel has since suggested that his collection from Granby is probably connected with aecia on Arnica, and both Mr. Bethel and Dr. Brenckle are of the opinion that there is a form of this species with aecia on Ambrosia psilostachya. |
23. Uromyces ASTRAGALI Sacc., on Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene (Oxytropis Lamberti Pursh), collected by Mr. FE. Bethel at Leyden, Colo., was sown on Euphorbia Cyparissias, without result.
A collection bearing uredinia (Uredo Oxytropi Peck) on Ara- gallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene, sent by Mr. Bethel from Boul- der, Colo., was sown September 30, on Astragalus carolinianus, giving rise to uredinia that were first noticed October 22.
A collection bearing uredinia on Astragalus sulphurescens Rydb., sent by Mr. E. Bethel, from Boulder, Colo., was sown Sept. 30, on A. carolinianus, and on October 22, uredinia were observed, although they may have appeared somewhat earlier.
We have yet made no appreciable headway toward ascertaining the aecial condition of this rust, but the present cultures do show that the Oxytropis rust, which has usually been kept distinct, is
#® Mycologia 2: 220. toro.
24 MycoLocia
identical with the widespread Astragalus rust. The species is one that does not readily produce teliospores.
24. Uromyces Meptcacinis Pass., on Medicago sativa L., was sent by Mr. H. S. Coe, from Ames, Iowa. Urediniospores were sown September 26, on Medicago sativa in the greenhouse, and uredinia began to appear October 8. On November 14, uredinia from this culture were sown on Medicago sativa, Trifolium pra- tense, T. medium, and T. repens, giving uredinia on the first December 3, but with no infection of the Trifolum plants.
The aecia of Medicago rusts are not definitely known. In Europe a form usually assumed to be the same occurs on Trifo- lium pratense, and this was made by Schroter to infect Euphorbia Cyparissias. This form has not been detected in America. The present culture seems to show that the. Medicago rust will not pass over to Trifolium, at least by means of urediniospores.
25. GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE Schw., on Ju- niperus virginiana L., collected by Dr. F. D. Kern in the vicinity of Lafayette, Ind., was sown April 7, on Malus Malus, giving numerous pycnia April 19, but the leaves matured before aecia were formed.*®
26. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVIPES C. & P., on Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., was sent by Dr. J. J. Davis, from Wind Lake, Wis., and sown May 3, on Amelanchier erecta and Crataegus tomentosa, giving numerous pycnia on both hosts May 16, and equally numerous aecia June 6, for the first host and June 11, for the second.
Aecia from this culture on Amelancluer erecta were used to sow June 7, on a small plant of Juniperus sibirica, and many finely developed telia appeared in May 1911, the exact date not reconded:*?
These cultures are interesting in showing that the telia mature in the spring following infection, and do not require an additional year as some other species of Gymnosporangium do.
27. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARIAEFORME ( Jacq.) DC., on Juni-
*° For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 12: 13. 1906; 13: 200. 19073 142 17, 1908; and Mycol. 1: 238. 1909.
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 18. 1908; Mycol. 1: 239. 1909: and 2: 229. IgI0.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 25
perus sibirica Burgsd., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel, from Boulder, Colo., and sown April 7, on the young fruit of Pyrus communis, which fell off before time for infection to show, and also on the leaves of Amelanchier erecta and Crataegus punctata. On the Crataegus a few pycnia showed April 15, but no aecia developed. On the Amelanchier numerous pycnia appeared April 13, and many aecia April 25.**
28. GYMNOSPORANGIUM NIDUS-AviIs Thaxt., on Juniperus vir- giniana L.., was sent from Washington, D. C., by Dr. Haven Metcalf, and sown April 16, on leaves of Cydomia vulgaris, giving a few pycnia May 2, and also on the young fruit of dmelanchier vulgaris, giving a few pycnia first noticed May 24. In both instances no further development occurred.*”
29. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CORNUTUM (Pers.) Arth., on Jumnt- perus sibirica Burgsd., sent from Palmer Lake, Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown May 18 on Sorbus americana, Aroma arbutt- folia, and Amelanchier erecta. Infection was secured only on the Sorbus, the pycnia being produced in abundance but tardily, and the date was not taken. The plant did not thrive, and no aecia matured, although on August 16 they were showing.**
30. GYMNOSPORANGIUM Davisit Kern, on Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sent by Dr. J. J. Davis from Wind Lake, Wis., was sown May 3, on Aroma arbutifolia, A. nigra, Sorbus americana, Ame- lanchier erecta and Crataegus tomentosa, without results. Another sowing was made May 12, on the two species of Aronia, which resulted in a few pycnia on 4. migra, showing May 27. Still another sowing on A. arbutifolia was made May 18, and gave a few pycnia May 25. In neither instance did aecia develop.** It is probable that the conditions under which the cultures are made in the greenhouse are not favorable for this rust.
31. GYMNOSPORANGIUM BETHELI Kern, on Juniperus scopu- _lorum Sarg., sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Boulder, Colo., was sown
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 18. 1908; and Mycol. 1: 239. 1909.
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 19. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 230. IQIO.
* For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 240. 1909; and 2: 230. 1910.
* For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 241. 1909, where an error was made in assuming that this species occurs in Europe; see also Mycol. 2: 216. 1910.
26 MyYcoLoGiIA
April 16, on Crataegus cerronis A. Nels., giving rise to numerous pycnia April 25, and equally numerous aecia May 23.*
32. GYMNOSPORANGIUM NEtsonr Arth., on Juniperus virgim- ana L., sent by Professor R. A. Harper from Merrimack, Wis., was sown May 2, on Amelanchier erecta, Cydoma vulgaris and Malus coronaria. Infection was only on Amelanchier, showing an abundance of pycnia May 11, and equally numerous aecia June 8.*° This rust is not often seen east of the Rocky Mountains. The witches’ brooms which are produced have a general resemblance to those of G. midus-avis, and it may sometimes be confused with that species. |
33. CRONARTIUM Quercus (Brond.) Schrot. Aecia (Peri- dermium Cerebrum Peck) on Pinus virginiana Muill., were sent by Mr. W. H. Long, from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., and sown April 28, on Quercus rubra. The first appearance of ure- dinia was not recorded, but on May 20, a few uredinia and many telia were observed.*”
34. MELAMPSOROPSIS ABIETINA (A. & S.) a on Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, sent by Professor W. P. Fraser from Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown June 15 on Picea Mariana ( Mill.) B.S. P., giving numerous pycnia June 23, and aecia about August 12. This connection was first suggested by the field observations of Anton de Bary in the Alps, and by him proven by means of cultures in 1879.48 A number of field observations by other mycologists were recorded, tending to fortify the result, but no other cultures were made until 1901, when Klebahn*® verified the work of de Bary.
The probable connection of Ledum and Picea rusts in America was discussed by Professor W. G. Farlow in 1885,°° based largely
* For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 23. 1908; Mycol. 1: 240. 1909; and 2: 230, 1910;
46 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 13: 203. 1907; 14: 18. 1908; and Mycol. 1: 239. 1909. Studies published by Dr. F. D. Kern (Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 448. Oct. 1911) since this article went to press show that the form used in this culture, and also in the previous ones here referred to, has been erroneously referred to G. Nelsoni, it should be called G. juvenescens Kern.
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 13: 194 1907.
48 Bot: Zeit, 37248025) 1870.
‘© Zeitscbhr. Pllanzenkr.. 12%, 17. - 2902: © Proc, Amer. Acad. Sci. 20: 320. 1885.
———_
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 27
upon his observations in the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, but at that time too little study had been given to the morphological characters of the species inhabiting these two host genera to permit of accurate determination of the various collec- tions, and the conclusions were consequently misleading.
The studies of Dr. F. D. Kern and the writer®* a few years since showed that the American aecia previously referred to this species really belonged elsewhere, and that no genuine aecia of the species had ‘been collected in America in all probability. After completing the cultures here recorded some of the resulting material was sent to Professor Fraser, and with a knowledge of the appearance and habit of the aecia thus acquired he was able to go into the field and gather excellent specimens.®** The reason they have not been taken before by American collectors is doubt- less due to their somewhat inconspicuous and evanescant char- acter, 3
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES REPORTED NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME :— The following species have never before been cultivated, in Amer- ica or elsewhere, so far as the writer knows.
1. PucctniA CRANDALLIT Pam. & Hume on Festuca confinis Vasey collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Boulder, Colo., on March 19, IQ10, was sown April 21, on Symphoricarpos racemosus, Grindelia squarrosa, Hydrophyllum capitatum and Arnica sp., with infec- tion only on the first. The pycnia began to appear May 9, and aecia May 206, neither in abundance. This was an unsuspected result, and immediately upon detecting evidence of infection, a second sowing was made upon another plant of Symphoricarpos racemosus (May 10), which yielded more pronounced results. Pycnia began to appear in ten days (May 20), and aecia in eleven days more (May 31), both well formed and numerous.
A second lot of this rust, on Festuca confinis Vasey, was re- ceived from Professor A. O. Garrett, collected in City Creek Canyon, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 10, 1910, and sown on the same date as the previous sowing, May 10. Pycnia began to show May 20, and aecia June 6.
* Bull. Torrey Club 33: 429, 430. 1906. “Ci. Mycologia’ 3: 69. ro1r.
28 MycoLociIA
The results of these cultures agree perfectly with Aecidium abundans Peck which was first collected in Colorado, on Sym- phoricarpos oreophilus, the exact locality not being stated.
2. PUCCINIA QUADRIPORULA Arth., on Carex Goodenovu J. Gay, collected by the writer in the type locality at Isle au Haut, Me., was sown April 18 on Iris versicolor, Boehmeria cylindrica, and Rudbeckia lacimata, with no infection. Again April 26 it was sown on Myrica cerifera, Lysimachia terrestris, Macrocalyx Nyctelea, Polemomum reptans, Apocynum cannabinum, Senecio lugens, and Aster paniculatus, with infection only on the last, pycnia being first noticed May 13, and aecia appearing May 17, neither very abundant.
Field observations seemed to connect this rust with aecia on Iris, but previous attempts at cultures had given no certain evi- dence.** The results this year appear beyond question. No other Carex rust grew in the vicinity of the spot where the collection was made. The material used shows only the characteristic rust. The aecia obtained, however, are both in gross and minute char- acters indistinguishable from those of P. Caricis-Asteris Arth. These facts make the status of the species enigmatical. ~ ime marked diagnostic characters of P. quadriporula and P. Caricis- Asteris lie in the urediniospore. The former has a somewhat larger urediniospore, more usually globose, and with four, often three, equatorial pores, while the latter has a smaller uredinio- spore, more ellipsoid or elongated, and with two superequatorial pores. The pore characters are markedly dissimilar, and without intergradations.
Another collection with the spore characters of P. quadri- porula, made by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, on Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir., was sown April 11, and again May 6, on Iris versicolor, Urtica gracilis, and Ribes flori- dum, with no infection.
3. Puccinia LitrHosPerMI E. & K., on Evolvulus pilosus Nutt., collected at Amarillo, Texas, by W. H. Long, was sown April 15, on the same species of host, and produced a scanty infection. Pycnia were not observed until May 2; aecia began to appear
3 See Mycol. 1: 230. 1909.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 29
May 6. The result shows that the species is eugyrinious and autoecious.
4. UROMYCES ACUMINATUS Arth., on Spartina Michauxiana A. S. Hitch. (usually listed as S. cynosuroides), collected by Dr. J. F. Brenckle at Kulm, N. D., was sown April 28 on Stetronema ciliatum and Polemonium reptans, with abundant infection on the latter only, showing pycnia May 9, and aecia May 14.
A similar collection made by Mr. E. Bethel in the foothills of Colorado was sown May 12, on Steironema ciliatum, Hydrophyl- lum capitatum, Phlox divaricata, and Polemomum reptans, with very abundant infection only on the last, showing pycnia May 20, and aecia May 26. Another collection made at Fair Oaks, Ind., by Messrs. F. D. Kern and T. Billings, was sown one week later on the same hosts, but gave no infection, doubtless due to the lateness of the season.
These results bear out the field observations of Professor Guy West Wilson, as stated in the report for 1909.°* The aecial stage is known in literature as Aecidium Polemoniu Peck, and occurs on species of Phlox as well as on Polemonium.
5. 'COLEOSPORIUM VERNONIAE B. & C. Freshly gathered leaves of Pinus taeda L., bearing Peridermium carneum Bosc, gathered by Mr. O.:F. Burger at Gainesville, Fla.. May 18, 1910, were suspended on May 21, over potted plants of Veronia crinita, Elephantopus carolhimanus and Lacinaria scariosa. Contrary to expectation uredinia began to show in abundance June 6 on the V eromia only. Numerous telia began to mature by August 16.
6. MELAMPSORA ALBERTENSIS Arth., on Populus tremuloides Michx., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel on three different dates, col- lected at different places in the foothills of Colorado, and all showing telia in resting condition. The first collection was sown April 20, on Larix laricina and Pseudotsuga mucronata, giving infection on the latter only, showing an abundance of pycnia May 2, and an equal abundance of aecia May 9. The second collection (from Plainview, Colo.), was also sown April 20, on the same two hosts, but without results. Later on, May 18, duplicate sow- ings were made. This time the Larix remained free, and the Pseudotsuga after a long interval was found to have been infected,
See) Mycol, 2:°222.. r19fo.
30 MyYCOLOGIA
the pycnia and aecia being first noticed June 6. The third collec- tion was sown May 19, on the same hosts, with infection only on Pseudotsuga, numerous pycnia showing May 31, and equally numerous aecia June 9.
The aecia on Pseudotsuga were first brought to my attention by Professor E. W. D. Holway, who sent a collection from Beaver River valley, B. C., in 1907. This collection was described by the writer, and named Caeoma occidentale.” The following year Mr. E. Bethel sent collections from Eldorado Springs, Colo., and in 1909 he sent other collections from Eldorado Springs, and also from Tolland and Golden. From observations made at these places Mr. Bethel suggested that the connection between the Caeoma on Pseudotsuga and the Melampsora on Populus was unquestionable. The aecial stage is doubtless rather common throughout the range, but it is so inconspicuous and evanescent that it has been very little collected.
SUMMARY
The following is a complete list of the successful cultures made during the year 1910. It is divided into two series, species that have previously been grown in cultures and reported by the writer or other investigators, and species whose culture is now reported for the first time. -
A. Species Previously Reported
1. Puccima Grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh.—Teliospores from Carex tenuis Rudge and from C. pallescens L., sown on Ribes Cynosbati L.
2. Puccima Pecku (DeT.) Kellerm.—tTeliospores from Carex lanuginosa Michx., sown on Onagra bienntis (L.) Scop., and from C. trichocarpa Muhl., sown on O. biennis (L.) Scop. and Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.
3. Puccinia Caricis-Solidagimis Arth.—Teliospores from Carex scoparia Schk., sown on Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
4. Puccima Caricis-Asteris Arth—Teliospores from Carex festiva Dewey, sown on Aster adscendens Lindl.
5 Bull. Torrey Club 34: 591. 1907.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 31
s. Puccinia Opizii Bubak.—Teliospores from Carex siccata Dewey, sown on Lactuca canadensis L. and L. sativa L.
6. Puccinia universalis Arth—Teliospores from Carex steno- phylla Wahl., sown on Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh.
7, Puccinia Caricis (Schum.) Schrot——Tehospores from Carex aristata R. Br. and C. stricta Lam., sown on Urtica gracilis Ait.
8. Puccinia angustata Peck.—Teliospores from Scirpus atrovt- rens Muhl., sown on Lycopus americanus Muhl.
9. Puccinia Andropogonis Schw.—Teliospores from Andro- pogon virginicus L., sown on Pentstemon lirsutus (L.) Willd. and from A. scoparius Michx., sown on Pentstemon alpinus Torr.
10. Puccinia pustulata (Curt.) Arth—Teliospores from An- dropogon furcatus Muhl., sown on Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.
11. Puccinia amphigena Diet.—Teliospores from Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack., sown on Smilax hispida Muhl.
12. Puccinia Muhlenbergiae Arth. & Holw.—Teliospores from Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P., sown on Callirrhoe involucrata (T. & G.) A. Gray.
13. Puccima Rhammi (Pers.) Wettst—Teliospores from Cala- magrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., sown on Rhamnus aln- folia L’Her.
14. Puccima poculifornus (Jacq.) Wettst—Teliospores from Agropyron tenerum Vasey, Sitanion longifolium J. G. Sm., and Agrostis alba L., sown on Berberis vulgaris L.
15. Puccima submitens Diet—Teliospores from Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, sown on Chenopodium album L.
16. Puccima Jamesiana (Peck) Arth—Teliospores from Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., sown on Asclepias syriaca L.
17. Puccima Seymouriana Arth—Teliospores from Spartina Michauxiana A. S. Hitche., sown on Cephalanthus occidentalis L.
18. Puccima Stipae Arth—Teliospores from Stipa spartea Trin., sown on Aster ericoides L., A. Novae-Angliae L., A. multi- florus Ait., and Solidago canadensis L., from Stipa sp., sown on Aster Novae-Angliae L., and Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal,
and from Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., sown on Senecio lugens A. Gray. |
a2 MycoLoGIA
19. Puccinia argentata (Schultz) Wint.—Aeciospores from Adoxa Moschatellina L., sown on Impatiens aurea Muhl.
20. Puccinia Absinthii DC.—Teliospores from Artemisia sp., sown on A. dracunculoides Pursh.
21. Uromyces perigynius Halst—Teliospores from Carex intumescens Rudge, sown on Aster paniculatus Lam., and from C. deflexa Hornem., sown on Solidago rugosa Mill., and Aster ericoides L.
22. Uromyces Junci (Desm.) Tul——Teliospores from Juncus Balttcus Willd., sown on Carduus Flodmanu Rydb.
23. Uromyces Astragali Sacc——Urediniospores from Aragal- lus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene, and from Astragalus sulphurescens Rydb., sown on Astragalus carolinianus L.
24. Uromyces Medicaginis Pass.—Urediniospores from Medi- cago sativa L.., sown on same host.
25. Gymnosporangium Jumiperi-virgumianae Schw.—Teliospores from Juniperus virgimana L., sown on Malus Malus (L.) Britt.
26. Gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P.—Teliospores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Amelanchier erecta Blanch., and Crataegus tomentosa L., and aeciospores from Amelanchier erecta Blanch., sown on Juniperus sibirica Burgsd.
27. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Jacq.) DC—Telio- spores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Amelancher erecta Blanch., and Crataegus punctata Jacq.
28. Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Thaxt.—Teliospores from Juniperus virgimana L., sown on Cydonia vulgaris Pers., and Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
29. Gymnosporangium cornutum (Pers.) Arth.—Teliospores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Sorbus americana Marsh.
30. Gymnosporangium Davisu Kern.—Teliospores from Junt- perus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Medic., and A. migra (Willd.) Britt.
31. Gymnosporangium Bethelt Kern.—Teliospores from Juni- perus scopulorum Sarg., sown on Crataegus cerronis A. Nels.
32. Gymnosporangium Nelsoni Arth—Teliospores from Junt- perus virgmana L., sown on Amelanchier erecta Blanch.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 33 33. Cronartium Quercus (Brond.) Schrot.—Aeciospores from Pinus virginiana Mill., sown on Quercus rubra L. 34. Melampsoropsis abietina (A. & S.) Arth—Teliospores from Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, sown on Picea Mariana (Hime a. S. P.
B. Species Reported Now for the First Time
1. Puccima Crandallu Pam. & Hume.—tTeliospores from Fes- tuca confinis Vasey, sown on Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx.
2. Puccima quadriporula Arth——Teliospores from Carex Goodenovu J. Gay, sown on Aster paniculatus Lam.
3. Puccima Lithospermi E. & K.—Teliospores from Evolvulus pilosus Nutt., sown on same species of host.
4. Uromyces acuminatus Arth.—Teliospores from Spartina Michauxiana A. S. Hitch., sown on Polemonium reptans L.
5. Coleosporium Vernoniae B. & C.—Aeciospores from Pinus taeda L., sown on Vernonia crinita Raf.
6. Melampsora albertensis Arth—Teliospores from Populus tremuloides Michx., sown on Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY LAFAYETTE, INDIANA,
BOTRYOSPHAERIA ON COTTON BOLLS
C. W. EpGERTON
Among the fungi of minor importance on cotton bolls in the southern states is a pyrenomycete which has been provisionally referred to Botryosphaeria fuliginosa (Mongeot & Nestler) Ellis & Ev. This fungus is not common on cotton but is occasionally picked up. The first collection on this host seems to have been made by Atkinson in Alabama some years ago. Atkinson’s material was sent to Massee and was determined by him as Botryosphaeria Berengeriana De Not.t. But as Ellis and Ever- hart list this name as a synonym of Botryosphaeria fuliginosa, the latter name will be used in this article. It is probable that this name is not the correct one, but the question of nomenclature will not now be considered. Atkinson’s material has also been examined by the writer and found to be identical with material collected by him.
Having found this pyrenomycete on cotton bolls in Louisiana, a study of its life history was commenced in order to see if it had any connection with any of the imperfect fungi which are instru- mental in causing boll rots. On account of the somewhat similar appearance of the boll affected by the Botryosphaeria, to one affected by Diplodia gossypina, it was thought that there might be some connection between the two. This seemed all the more possible because Shear had reported Sphaeropsis and Diplodia forms as connected with Botryosphaeria.2, However, this was not found to be the case. While the Botryosphaeria on cotton bolls has an imperfect form in its life history, it is quite distinct from Diplodia gossypina.
Two stages of the fungus have been found, a pycnidial stage belonging to the form genus Macrophoma, and the perfect or
* Atkinson, G. F., Some fungi from Alabama, Bull. Cornell University, 540k. 1807
? Shear, C. L., Life History of Melanops Quercuum (Schw.) Rehm forma Vitis-Sacc. (abstract), Science, n. s, 31: 748. 1910.
34
EDGERTON: BOTRYOSPHAERIA ON CoTToN BOLLS Bs) ascogenous stage. The pycnidial stage occurs during the summer and is followed by the ascogenous stage in the fall. A_ boll affected by this fungus turns black, dries up, and becomes cov- ered with the fruiting stages.
The pycnidia develop profusely on the surface of the diseased boll, usually almost superficial, though sometimes they may have the base slightly surrounded by fungous or host tissue. They are black in color and about I10-300 X 140-210 in size. The spores are developed abundantly on short conidiophores and are pushed out of the pore at the apex of the pycnidium. If weather conditions are favorable, these spores remain in white strings protruding from the pycnidia. The spores are hyaline, one-celled, from cylindric to slightly ellipsoid or ovoid, coarsely granular, and 14-33 X 7-IOp in size, averaging about 21-25 X 8p. The spores are never septate nor dark-colored and are much more variable in shape and size than those of Diplodia gossypina.
The perithecia are borne in a way similar to the pycnidia and are quite similar in appearance. They are black in color and are about 190-360 &K 250-320 in size. A short beak may be present or lacking; if present, it may have a length up to 10o0p. The asci are fairly abundant in the perithecia, though not crowded. They are large, about 100-130 X 20-25 », and have very thick walls, especially near the apex. The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, slightly granular, and about 20-27 & 10-16 in size. The small threadlike paraphyses are very abundant. |
The fungus has been cultured a number of times both from the conidia and the ascospores. A good growth develops on most of the ordinary culture media but as yet no spores of any kind have been produced in culture media.
To prove the identity of the two forms, inoculation experi- ments were tried. In the winter of 1909-10, a pure culture was obtained from conidia, and this was used during the summer of 1910 to inoculate a number of bolls in the field. The fungus is not a very active parasite under field conditions, so only a part of the bolls became affected. These, however, on which the inocu- lation was successful, developed the pycnidia abundantly and later in the season some of them developed perithecia and asco- spores. Single asci were then transferred to acidified culture
36 MycoLocia
media in plates and pure cultures were again obtained. In the winter of 1910-11, these cultures from ascospores were used to inoculate cotton bolls on plants in the greenhouse. These bolls became affected and developed the pycnidia and conidia. Other inoculations made direct from bolls covered with the pycnidial stage have developed the perithecial stage later in the season. As a result of these inoculations, the identity of the two stages is proven.
From this study, it seems questionable whether the Botryo- sphaeria that we have on cotton bolls in the south is really the same as the one that is so common on a large number of woody plants in all parts of the country. In a paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Decem- ber, 1909, Shear produced evidence to show that the common form of Botryosphaeria fuliginosa is connected with a pycnidial stage with spores usually colored and sometimes septate, a stage that could belong to either Sphaeropsis or Diplodia. As the Botryosphaeria which we have on cotton bolls in the south is not connected with a Diplodia, it would look as if the cotton Botryo- sphaeria is specifically distinct from the common form.
LovISIANA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Baton Rovuce, La.
NEWS AND NOTES
Dr. W. A. Murrill, who left New York, October 13, for a collecting trip in Washington, Oregon, and California, reports very favorable conditions for the collection of fleshy fungi on the Pacific coast.
Dr. Mel. T. Cook has recently resigned his position as patholo- gist in Delaware Agricultural College to accept a similar position in Rutgers College, New Jersey.
Mr. A. B. Stout, of the University of Wisconsin, has been ap- pointed director of the laboratories in the New York Botanical Garden to succeed Mr. Fred J. Seaver, who has been transferred to a curatorship.
Dep ne
Professor R. A. Harper is conducting a series of seminars for the benefit of the graduate students of Columbia University, the subject considered being the reproduction of the higher fungi. The first of the series, which was held in the main laboratory of the New York Botanical Garden, Saturday, November 4, consisted of an introduction covering some of the earliest literature of the subject. |
Professor J. C. Arthur and Dr. Frank D. Kern spent a month during the past summer on a field trip in Colorado. They were chiefly interested in observing and collecting the rusts, especially those heteroecious forms of which the life-histories are still unknown. They report that the trip was very successful and satisfactory. They were accompanied on several expeditions by Professor E. Bethel, of the East Denver High School, who ren- dered much valuable assistance.
A New Paint-destroying Fungus——Mr. George Massee in the: 37
38 MycoLociIA
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, No. 8 of this year, describes a new fungus (Phoma pigmentivora Mass.) which grows on fresh paint. The fungus grows best in hothouses, high temperatures and con- stant humidity being especially conducive to its development.
The fungus appears as numerous, small, rose-colored specks in the white paint about a month after it has been applied. These spots increase in size and change to a purple or dark-red color suggesting the idea of blood having been sprinkled on the paint. The discolored areas spread and finally form effused patches several inches in diameter. The fruit of the fungus appears as minute blackish-red warts. One firm of painters during the present year lost over £200 in consequence of the appearance of the fungus in a large number of cucumber-houses painted with expensive protective paint.
The spores germinate in pure linseed oil but the mycelium re- mains colorless and produces no fruit. No germination takes place when the spores are sown in pure white lead. The red color suggests that the white carbonate of lead undergoes some chemical change induced by the presence of the fungus resulting in the formation of oxide of lead. The presence of two per cent. of carbolic acid in paint completely arrests the development of the fungus.
This is another illustration of the growth of certain fungi under conditions which would naturally be thought to be toxic to any living plant —F. J. Seaver.
The Development of the Ascocarp of Lachnea scutellata.—tIn the Botanical Gazette for October, Dr. W. H. Brown gives the results of his studies of the development of the above named species, a common and widely distributed discomycete occurring on rotten wood.
The multinucleate ascogonium was found in the youngest plants which could be obtained to constitute the penultimate cell of the archicarp which when mature consists of about nine cells. No antheridium was found and it is probable that none was present. No fusion of nuclei was observed in the ascogonium or in the
News AND NOTES | 39
ascogenous hyphae except in the tip where the nuclei fuse to form the primary nucleus of the ascus. The ascogenous hyphae grow out from the ascogonium and are multinucleate from the first. The tips of the smaller branches of the ascogenous hyphae are cut off and contain two nuclei. No uninucleate cells were ob- served. The two nuclei pass into the bent portion and divide. Walls are formed between the daughter nuclei thus forming a binucleate penultimate and uninucleate ultimate and antipenultt- mate cell which represents a typical hook. The penultimate cell gives rise to an ascus direct or divides to form other hooks.
The first division in the ascus is heterotypic and the second and third are similar to those in the ascogonium.—F. J. Seaver.
A Preliminary Report on the Yearly Origin and Dissemination of Puccima gramims.—A paper by Mr. Fred J. Pritchard under the above title in the Botanical Gazette for September contains the record of the observations of the author of the paper for several years past, together with the results of recent experi- mental work on the germination of rusted wheat grains.
The absence of the barberry in several regions where Puccima gramimis is prevalent seems to indicate that the heteroecism of the fungus is merely facultative. While the existence of a peren- nial mycelium has been established for several of the rusts this has not been proven for Puccimia gramints.
Eriksson after extensive experiments in Sweden divides Puc- cima graminis into several biological forms. His conclusions however have not been supported by Carleton’s work in America.
The experiments of Pritchard show that Puccinia graminis passes readily from wheat, Agropyron tenerum, A. repens, Hor- deum jubatum and Elymus triticoides to the barberry. His ob- servations also seem to indicate that the aeciospores and uredo- spores are not carried to great distances by the wind.
The pericarp of rusted wheat grains is frequently filled with rust mycelium and pustules of teleutospores. Pieces of myce- lium resembling rust were found in cells of the scutellum close to the growing plant. It is suggested as a possibility that the mycelium of the rust might in this way infect the young plant and later take on a virulent form.—F. J. Seaver.
AO one MyYcoLoGIA
Studies on the Tremellineae of Wisconsin—In his studies of the Tremellineae of Wisconsin in the transactions of the Wis- consin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, volume 16, part 2, E. M. Gilbert has brought together the species of the order from that state in such a way as to be of valuable service to the student of mycology and to the monographer of the group. He has included the descriptions of fifteen species, quoting the com- monly accepted synonyms. He finds in addition species in Tachaphantium, Tremella and Dacryomyces which he thinks may be new and possibly new varieties of duricularia auricula, Dacryomyces deliquescens and Calocera cornea. His conservatism in that he has refrained from giving them new names without further investigation is commendable.
Naematelia encephala which he states has not been reported before for this country was frequently collected by Mr. Ellis and was distributed by him in North American Fungi 1779. Also Naematelia nucleata which according to Gilbert has apparently not before been reported from this country was issued by Mr. Ellis in North American Fungi 520.
_A more extended study of exsiccati would have enabled him to suggest additions to the synonymy of several species, as his ac- count probably covers most of the species ordinarily found in the country—B. O. Dodge.
A Biologic and Taxonomic Study of the Genus Gymnospo- rangium.—yvVolume 7, No. 26, of the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, issued October 12, was entirely devoted to a paper under the above title by Dr. F. D. Kern, associate botanist in Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Indiana. This subject is treated in two parts, the first being de- voted to the biology of the genus and the second to its taxonomy.
Under the subject of the biology of the genus the life history of Gymnosporangium as compared with other rust genera, the gen- eral characters of the genus, nuclear history so far as it is known, and facts governing the distribution of the species are considered briefly. Under experimental investigation the author gives a brief account of the history of experimental work and the dis-.
News AND NOTES 4]
covery of heteroecism; he also discusses culture methods and the necessity for such work and then takes up an account of his own experimental work. This work was preceded by five seasons of culture work with the various species of the genus. Out of . 33 species now recognized in their telial phases 26 have been available for culture work. Successful cultures were secured in 18 out of the 26 species tested. Of these 9 were verifications of life cycles previously known and 9 gave aecial and telial con- nections for the first time. During the course of the work 253 individual plant cultures were attempted and 25 species of trial hosts employed, belonging chiefly to the apple family. The pathologic and economic importance of the genus is considered at the close of the first part of the work.
In the taxonomic study of the genus the author prefers to retain the well-known name Gymmnosporangium rather than to adopt the older name Aecidium which has come to be used strictly as a form-genus. The paper contains descriptions of 29 species which have full life cycles known, 4 known only in the telial phase and 7 known only in the aecial phase; a total of 4o species in all. Of these 4 represent new species and 9 are new combinations. The descriptions are preceded by two analytic keys, the one based on the aecia and the other on the telia. There are also two host keys, the first being a key to the hosts harboring the aecial phase and the second a key to the hosts harboring the telial phase.
The entire paper consists of 89 pages of text, 11 half-tone plates and 36 figures —F. J. Seaver.
The Control of the Chestnut Bark Disease -—Haven Metcalf and J. F. Collins treat the subject in farmers bulletin No. 467, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, October 2S, 1911. |
The total financial loss from this disease is now estimated at $25,000,000. The only known practical means of controlling the disease in a forest is to locate and destroy the advance in- fections as soon as they appear. Advance infections should be located by trained observers and destroyed by cutting and burn- ing. Chestnut nursery stock should be rigidly inspected and
42 MycoLocIA
only perfectly healthy plants passed. The life of valuable orna- mental trees may be greatly prolonged by promptly cutting out all diseased parts and covering cuts with tar. Spraying is of no use in stopping the fungus after it is once started. Diseased chestnut trees should be cut down and utilized as soon as possible. For the present the planting of chestnuts anywhere east of Ohio is not advised, but there is no apparent reason why chestnut orchards west of Ohio cannot be kept free from the disease.— Fs. Seaver.
The Blister Rust of White Pine.—Bulletin 206 of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agricul- ture contains the results of the investigation of this disease by Mr. Perley Spaulding. The growth of the reforestation move- ment in America has caused a steady increase in the importation of young white pine stock, with the consequent danger of intro- ducing destructive insect or fungus pests.
Cronartium ribicola, which was discovered in 1855, was later found to be only a stage of Peridermium Strobi, the blister rust of various species of Pinus. This fungus has been introduced from Europe into numerous localities in America.
The methods of preventing and combating this disease are as follows: stop importing five-leaved pines (for which the fungus has a preference) and Ribes (which constitutes the alternate host for this fungus) and raise these plants at home; keep five-leaved pines separated from Ribes if either is imported ; where the disease is already present all diseased pines should be removed and burned; diseased Rabes bushes should also be removed and burned.
Rigid inspection of all imported stock, or the entire prohibition of the importation of five-leaved pines and Ribes, should be com- pelled by legislation —F. J. Seaver.
The Relation of Parasitic Fungi to the Contents of the Cells of the Host Plants (I. The Toxicity of Tannin) —The above is the title of an extensive paper by Dr. M. T. Cook and Mr. J. J. Taubenhaus published as Bulletin No. 91 of the Delaware Col-
News AND NOTES 43
lege Agriculture Experiment Station. The resistance of certain plants to the attack of disease-producing fungi has been often observed and discussed. It has been accounted for first by cer- tain structural characters or impervious leaf surfaces and then by the assumption of a peculiar resistant type of cell due to physio- logical and consequently chemical differences within the cell. Now, the first of these explanations was early disproved by the researches of Ward and others while the idea of physiological resistance has not been investigated as much as its importance would seem to make desirable. Dr. Cook attacked this problem with the idea of discovering, if possible, to what extent the sub- stance tannin, of almost universal occurrence among plants, may function in their immunity against fungous diseases. Later it is intended to extend the investigation to include the other cell con- stituents having a possible bearing upon such immunity.
The methods of study were well planned and carefully carried out. It consisted, briefly, in inoculating different types of culture media, containing varying amounts of tannin, with a large number of parasitic and saprophytic fungi known to produce plant dis- ease. In general it was found that tannin inhibited the growth of the fungi and that this effect was more pronounced in the case of the parasites than with the saprophytes. Small amounts of tannin seemed to have a stimulative action upon growth and fruit- ing but usually from 0.1 per cent. to 0.4 per cent. tannin had a strong inhibitory effect. It was thought that the acidity of the tannin might account for its observed action upon the fungi but upon experimentation it appeared that even after neutralization with sodium hydroxide the tannic acid radicle still showed its characteristic inhibitions to a large extent. Different amounts of sugars and protein in the media had very little effect in reducing the toxicity of tannin.
The action of tannin upon the germination of the spores was found to be unfavorable if it were present in anything more than slight amounts. In toxic percentages the time necessary for germination was considerably increased. On the other hand, in smaller amounts tannin acted as a stimulant of germination. Some interesting tests were performed by placing cultures of certain fungi upon very thin cork sheets which had been treated
44 ; MycoLocia
to remove all the tannin. After a certain time all of the fungi made their way through the cork films and infected the agar below. However, if such cork sheets were allowed to absorb tannin solutions and were then inoculated as before, the fungi were not able to penetrate the cork at all. It might be added that it was early observed that commercial tannin is slightly more toxic than the fresh extract of oak bark. All of these facts taken with the observations of others led the authors to believe that the presence of tannin in the host cells may often help to produce an immunity from the attacks of fungi—F. D. Clark.
ae oa ae ew Genera Ae oe each oe Ay
as
ie
150 5
1 sees
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taining Ante news Be non-technical ace ak gen bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy exchange. ] . Now in its thirteenth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and c including lichens ; . containing technical articles and n interest. $3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. :
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PLATE LVII
MyYcOoLoGIA
LAMPROSPORA TUBERCULATA SEAVER LAMPROSPORA AREOLATA SEAVER
I-5. 6-8.
MYCOLOGIA
Vou, TV Marcu, 1912 No. 2
THE GENUS LAMPROSPORA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Frep J. SEAVER
(WiTH PLATE 57, CONTAINING 8 FIGURES)
The genus Lamprospora was founded by De-Notaris in 1864,
with Ascobolus mimiatus Crouan, one of the globose-spored oper- culate cup-fungi as its monotype. In 1869 Fuckel published the genus Crouamia with Crouania ‘miniata (Crouan) Fuckel as the type of the genus. This name is untenable, having been previously used for a genus of algae,’ and in addition is antedated by the above name.
In 1889 the name Barlaea was proposed by Saccardo with Crou- ania Fuckel as a synonym. This name is also untenable, having been previously used for a genus of flowering plants. Saccardo discovering this fact, later published the genus Barlaeina with Barlaea Sacc. as a synonym.
Lamprospora therefore appears to be the proper name to be used for the smaller plants of the globose-spored type of oper- culate discomycetes, except those which are commonly placed with the Ascobolaceae, through its priority of date and with the additional fact that two of the more recent generic names pro- posed are untenable for reasons mentioned above.
For several years past the writer has been interested in the col-
* Agardh, J. G., Alg. Mar. Med. 83. 1842.
* Reichenbach, H. G., Linnaea 41: 54. 1877.
[Mycologia for January, 1912 (4: 1-44), was issued January 6, 1912].
45
46 MycoLocia
lection and study of these minute but interesting plants and the recent collection of two apparently undescribed species has prompted the writing of the present paper. For the following reasons both the collection and study of the plants of this genus is difficult and unsatisfactory.
1. The plants are often so small that they are easily overlooked and for this reason seldom collected.
2. The descriptions of the known species are so fragmentary that in many cases they do not render the plants recognizable.
3. The type specimens preserved in the ordinary way are of little value since the plants, at best small, become much smaller on drying and are often lost with the crumbling earth on which they usually grow.
These difficulties are partly compensated by the fact that while the plants are very small the spores, as a rule, are unusually large. In addition to their large size they are often sculptured, the nature of the sculpturing furnishing valuable diagnostic char- acters. The type species of the genus has the spores covered with delicate, shallow reticulations. Other species have the spores marked with deep reticulations, sharp spines, minutely ver-. rucose or coarsely tuberculate. Ina number of species the spores are smooth and we must in such cases rely upon other diagnostic characters. In addition to the preservation of plants on the sub- stratum for the study of gross characters in the ordinary way microscopic slides should be preserved, especially in those forms in which the spores furnish diagnostic characters. With careful drawings and descriptions from fresh material and specimens preserved in the above manner the species of the genus should be made recognizable.
The plants of this genus show rather close relationship with some of the Ascobolaceae both in the character of the spores and asci as well as in the protrusion of the asci above the surface of the hymenium, the latter character being the one on which the Ascobolaceae are distinguished from the Pezizaceae. To the writer it seems very doubtful if there is any morphological charac- ter by which these two families can be separated. The most natural classification of the true cup-fungi (Pezizales) to my
SEAVER: THE GENUS LAMPROSPORA 47
mind, is that proposed by Boudier,® 7. ¢., to separate them into the operculate and non-operculate forms. The former group would include those in which the asci open by an operculum or lid and the latter those in which the asci open by a pore. As pointed out by Boudier these characters are accompanied by nu- merous others which strongly suggest a natural division. This classification would throw together the Ascobolaceae and Peziza- ceae unless some morphological character can be discovered on which they can be distinguished other than that which is com- monly used. The occurrence of many of the Ascobolaceae on the dung of animals is a convenient character but there are so many exceptions that this can hardly be relied upon as a charac- teristic of the family. If the Ascobolaceae are kept distinct on the character usually employed, the protrusion of the asci, at least some of the species of the genus Lamprospora should be placed among the Ascobolaceae. Whether the entire genus should be transferred I am uncertain. To my: mind the most natural thing would be to ignore the family distinctions of the Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae and key out the genera regardless of this family distinction.
LamMprosporA De-Not. Comm. Critt. Ital. 1: 388. 1864
Crouania Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 320. 18609. ianidaed Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 111. 1880. Barlaeina Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14: 30. 1899.
Plants small, scarcely exceeding 5 mm. in diameter, concave, plane or slightly convex, usually bright-colored or more rarely pallid, fleshy, hymenium often roughened by the protruding asci; asci 8-spored, operculate; spores comparatively large, globose, at first smooth, at maturity often sculptured, verrucose, echinulate, reticulate or tuberculate or permanently smooth, hyaline ; paraph- yses numerous and usually clavate.
Type species, Ascobolus miniatus Crouan.
Lamprospora tuberculata sp. nov. Plants small, o.5-1 mm. in diameter, hymenium gradually expanding, at maturity plane or slightly convex, bordered by a
* Boudier, E., On the importance that should be attached to the dehiscence of asci in the classification of the discomycetes. Grevillea 8: 45-48. 1870.
48 MycoLoGIa
delicate fringe, pale orange; hymenium roughened by the pro- truding asci; asci cylindric, operculate, 15-184 in diameter; spores globose, at first smooth with a large oil-drop, gradually be- coming roughened, at maturity coarsely tuberculate, about 16m in diameter, hyaline; paraphyses clavate (pl. 57, f. 1-5).
On damp soil among moss in open places; type collected near Yonkers, New York. The same species has been collected by the writer in New Jersey and by Mr. B. O. Dodge in Virginia.
Lamprospora areolata sp. nov.
Plants small, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, at first globose opening rather irregularly, at maturity with the hymenium plane or slightly convex, more or less roughened by the ends of the asci, bright red; asci cylindric, 15-18 in diameter, 8-spored; spores globose, at first smooth, with a large oil-drop, becoming rough at maturity deeply areolate, about 16» in diameter; paraphyses clavate (pl. 57, f. 6-8).
On soil among moss in a beaten path in woods near Yonkers, New York.
Both the plants and the spores are similar to Humaria calo- spora Quél. as figured by Boudier in Ic. Myc. pl. 400, except that the spores are perfectly globose instead of ellipsoid.
————
it i _
CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN 1911'
jo Ge ARTHUR
The present article is the twelfth of a series of reports’ by the writer upon the culture of plant rusts, extending through thirteen consecutive years. The preceding report for the year 1910, pub- lished in Mycotocia for January, 1912, contained an unfortunate slip of the pen in the heading of a paragraph at the middle of page 13, where “Grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh.” should read albiperidia Arth. With this change, the discussion which follows reads correctly. The same error occurs on page 30, twelfth line from the bottom.
The very large majority of the sowings for each year are made during the months of April and May. Hot weather is inimical to the work, except for a few species. ‘Throughout the year 1911 unusual high temperature prevailed; after the first week in May the thermometer ranged above 80° F. during the middle of the day for the remainder of the cultural season. Owing to an un- fortunate delay in securing an assistant to prosecute the work, the first sowings were not made until April 19, and the work was scarcely well under way before the hot days began, making it nearly impossible to obtain germination of the spores, or in case of germination to obtain infection of the hosts.
The work of the season was conducted by Mr. Earl A. Trager, a junior high school student of South Bend, Ind., who was recom- mended by Miss Clara Cunningham, teacher of the natural sci- ences in the South Bend High School. Mr. Trager conducted the work admirably. He furthermore showed capacity for mas- tering the technique and for handling the problems involved which compared favorably with that of his more mature and
1 Presented before the Botanical Society of America at the Washington meet- ing, December 27, 1911.
"See Bot. Gaz. 29: 268-276; 35: 10-23; Jour. Myc. 8: 51-56; 10: 8—21;
Il: 50-67; 12: 11-27; 13: 189-205; 14: 7-26; Mycol. 1: 225-256; 2: 213-240; and 4: 7-33. 1912.
49
50 MycoLocIAa
experienced predecessors. The paucity of results is wholly ascribable to the lateness in beginning the work and to the unsea- sonable weather.
Only one direct excursion was made to supply material for this year’s cultures. Early in March the writer, accompanied by Mr. Ray Stretch, a graduate of the Lafayette High Schoolsiavin rendered efficient service and proved a keen observer, visited the region bodering the Mississippi Sound from Ocean Springs to Pass Christian, Miss., well known from the thorough field work and numerous publications of Professor S. M. Tracy, whose home is at Biloxi, between the two places mentioned. The spe- cial object in view was to secure material of Gymnosporangium bermudianum, the only autoecious species known belonging to this genus, both for culture and for morphological work. Hope was also entertained that fresh material of species of Perider- mium, with field observations to assist in culture work, might be secured. The region was found to possess the fewest rusts, both in number of species and in their abundance, of any section yet visited for observational purposes.
Upon request a visit to Newfield, N. J., was made by Dr. Frank D. Kern, studying during the collegiate year at Columbia Uni- versity, New York, accompanied by Mr. B. O. Dodge, a graduate student of the same institution. The object was to secure ma- terial of several species of Gymnosporangium for cultures. New- field was chosen, as it was for many years the home of Mr. J. B. Ellis, and his collections show a number of hitherto poorly un- derstood species, whose aecia are still unknown. Probably the most interesting of these is a small foliicolous form on the white cedar, recently described as G. fraternum Kern. A note found in the Ellis collection at the New York Botanical Garden gave evidence that it was common in a certain swamp twenty-five years ago. The particular spot was found, and the fungus secured. One day was spent in this vicinity, and seven species of Gym- nosporangium were collected. Among these were G. Ellisu, whose aecial stage is suspected to be the rare Roestelia hyalina, and the recently named G. effusum. ‘The last is a large form on branches, very destructive to the red cedar, and yet never issued in exsiccati. It is the only one collected on this trip from which infection was obtained.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 51
An extended excursion, but too late for the season’s cultures, was made by the writer and Dr. Frank D. Kern during August and September to the foothills of Colorado, between Boulder and Pueblo, and to some extent in the adjacent mountains. This is the richest rust flora, both in species and frequency of occurrence, yet encountered. The dryness of the atmosphere, which pro- motes the growth of the rust on the individual hosts, while ° checking the spread from plant to plant, makes the region an exceptionally fine one for field study of relationships between the alternate stages of heteroecious species. Our work was enor- mously promoted by assistance from Mr. E. Bethel, of Denver, whose exact, enthusiastic, and prolonged observations over the whole region visited cannot be too highly commended. The freedom with which he turned over for our use his most impor- tant discoveries and conclusions must unfortunately be inade- quately repaid. It was due to his assistance that this excursion proved the richest in results by far of any yet undertaken, results that are only slightly reflected in this report, but have paved the way for important cultures in 1912.
On the eleventh of November, after a day of summer heat, a hurricane did great injury to the conservatory and greenhouse of the Experiment Station, in which many plants. for the next season’s experiments were growing. At about nine o’clock in the evening a large part of the glass in these houses, and in the offices and laboratories of the department of botany, was broken in by the violence of the wind. The heavy rain which was fall- ing soon turned to snow, and the temperature dropped to many degrees below freezing. When the damage was detected at about eight o’clock the next morning, the plants were largely beyond recovery.
Hearty thanks are due to the following persons who con- tributed material for study: Mr. E. Bethel, Denver, Colo., head- ing the list with 87 collections; Messrs. E. W. Olive, Brookings, oy J). M: Bates, Red Cloud, Neb., J. Dearness, London, Ont., and W. P. Fraser, Pictou, Nova Scotia, each sent between 10 and 30 collections, while much smaller numbers were sent by Messrs. E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kans., C. F. Baker, Clare- mont, Galt, )\) HBrenckle, Kulm, N. D., J. C. Blumer, Tucson,
a2 -MyYCOLOGIA
Ariz., H. S. Coe, Ames, Iowa, H. M. Jennison, Crawfordsville, Ind., S: Kusano, Tokio, Japan, E. F.-Smith, Hannatord eae E. M. Wilcox, Lincoln, Neb., J. J. Wolt, Durham) Nx (Came F. Vasku, Oberlin, Ohio. Seeds and living plants were also sent by a number of botanists to provide host plants of native species required in the work. To all these and to others who aided in the work of the year grateful acknowledgment is due and is hereby extended. The investigations were carried out under the auspices of the Indiana Experiment Station, and financed from the Adams fund.
During the present season 193 collections of material with resting spores and 37 collections with active spores were em- ployed, from which 691 drop cultures were made to test the germinating condition of the spores. Out of the 193 collections with resting spores 156 failed to germinate, leaving 37 collections available for experimental tests. Altogether about 235 sowings were made and 32 infections obtained. All but three sowings were made on plants growing in pots in the greenhouse. The most important conclusions derived from a study of the results are given in the following paragraphs.
NEGATIVE ResuLts.—It has been customary in these reports to record sowings with germinating spores when no infections were obtained, to serve as a guide in selecting hosts for future attempts. This year only a few instances will be given, as all sowings made after the heated term began, May 8, are deemed too uncertain to be of value.
1. Pucctnia Tosta Arth., on Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurb., collected at Denver Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown April 19, on Atriplex confertifolia and Malvastrum coccimeum, with no infection. The day following a collection with same data from Delta, Colo., was sown on Aesculus glabra and Xanthoxylum americanum, and again, May Io, on ten other hosts, with no infection.
The resemblance of this rust and of its host to that of Puc- cima submtens Diet., on Distichlis spicata, is very marked, as seen in the field. The two species grow under the same conditions, often intermixed, and might be expected to have the same aecial
—— _— a
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 53
hosts, a possibility barely touched by the present attempt at culture.
2. PuccINIA SCHEDONNARDI K. & S., on Schedonnardus panic- ulaius ( Nutt.) Trel., collected at Stockton, Kans., by Mr. E. Bar- tholomew, was sown April 19, on Aesculus glabra, Xanthoxvylum americanum, Hydrophyllum capitatum, Sidalcea oregana, Callir- rhoe involucrata, and Onagra pallida, with no infection. Similar material in former years was sown on twenty-eight other species of hosts."
3. GYMNOCONIA INTERSTITIALIS (Schl.) Lagerh. No attempts have been made, so far as the writer knows, to propagate any species of rust by means of its pycniospores, except one made by Dr frank D. Kern in 1910, and not heretofore reported. He sowed pycniospores from Amelanchier erecta, belonging to Gym- nosporangium clavariaeforme, upon young leaves of A. erecta by pricking and otherwise mutilating the epidermis, but without re- sults. It is well known that the growth of such spores soon ceases in a liquid culture the same as with any other rust spores, only sooner, as they are much smaller and contain less nutriment. But it has not been shown that they will not form a mycelium when suitably placed upon or within the tissues of a host plant. The prominent and abundant pycnia of the blackberry rust, which mature in advance of the aecia, seem especially favorable for such a trial. Pycniospores from Rubus allegheniensis taken when perfectly fresh were sown May 9 on young leaves of two different plants of the same species, which were well established in pots. The spores were not only placed on the surface of the partly grown leaves, but were also pricked into the tissues in _ places with a needle. This was done to imitate the probable dis- persion of such spores by insects, for which the nectar secreted by the sori may have an attraction. No infection was obtained. Neither in this attempted culture nor in that by Dr. Kern was any examination made to ascertain what growth the pycniospores may have made.
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES SUPPLEMENTING PREVIOUS WORK.—The facts derived by growing the following species of rusts supple-
e See Bot. Gaz. 35: 11. 1903; Jour. Myc. 13: 193. 1907; 14: 11. 1908; Mycol. E231. 1900 and 4 °.10. 1912:
54 MycoLoGIAa
ment those obtained from previous cultures in this series or from
cultures recorded by other American or European investigators. |
1. Puccrnta Pecxir (DeT.) Kellerm., on Carex lanuginosa Michx., collected at Red Cloud, Neb., by Rev. J. M. Bates, was sown May 20 on Onagra biennis and Meriolix serrulata, with no infection on the latter, but with abundant pycnia on the former May 29, and aecia June 1.4 Similar cultures on Onagra biennis were made from undetermined species of Carex collected by Mr. FE. Bethel, at Denver, Colo., and by_Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kila IN IB,
2. PUCCINIA ANGUSTATA Peck, on Scirpus cyperimus (L.) Kunth, collected at London, Ont., by Mr. J. Dearness, was sown May 25 on Lycopus americanus, giving rise to pycnia first seen Jtines, and-aecia) june 5:2
3. PuccintA PHRAGMITIS (Schum.) Korn., on Phragmites communis Trin., collected at Cowles, Neb., by Rev. J. M. Bates, was sown May 9 on Rumex crispus, giving rise to abundant pycnia and aecia first observed May 23.°
4. PUCCINIA CINEREA Arth., on Puccinellia atroides ( Nutt.) Wats. & Coult., collected at Lewis Station, Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown May 10 on Oxygraphis Cymbalaria, giving rise to pycnia May 16, and an abundance of aecia May 20."
5. PUCCINIA SUBNITENS Diet., on Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, collected at Lewis Station, Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown May 2, on Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Monolepis Nuttalhiana, Cleome spinosa, Atriplex hastata, and Chenopodium album, with no infection on the first two, but with numerous pycnia on the others, appearing May 11, 12 and 16, respectively, followed by aecia on the Cleome and Atriplex, on both appearing May 15.8
‘For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 13. 1903; Jour. Myc. 8: 52. ieee II: 58. 1905; 12: 15. 1906; 13: 195. 1907; Mycol. 1:233. 1900; 2: 222) apma), and 40 15, 1912, ,
5 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 273. 1900; Jour. Myc. 8: 53. 1902; Il: 58. 1905; 13: 196. 1907; 14: 14. 1908; Mycol. 1: 234. 1909; and 4: 17. 1912.
6 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 269. 1900; Jour.’ Myc. 9: 220. 1903; 14: 15. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 225. 1910.
7 For a previous similar culture see Mycol. 1: 246. 1909.
8 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 19. 1903; Jour. Myc. 11: 54. 1905; 12: 16. 1906; 13: 197. 1907; 14: 15. 1908; Mycol. 1: 234. 1909; 2: 225. 1910; and 4: 18. 1912.
iia ———
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 55
6. Uromyces Pecxianus Farl., on Distichhis spicata (L.) Greene, obtained in the field March 29, 1911, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown April 19 on Tissa canadensis and Lepidium virgimicum, with no infection. Another collection with same data but obtained in the field April 13, 1911, was sown on Bursa Bursa-pastoris, Lepidium virginicum, Cory- dalis montanum, Tissa canadensis, Cleome spinosa, and Atriplex hastata, with no infection except on the last, which showed nu- merous pycnia May 16, and an abundance of aecia May 22. Still another collection with same data but obtained in the field April 27, 1911, was sown May 5 on Chenopodium album and on the same six hosts as the last, with infection only on Atriple.x, showing pycnia May 17, and aecia May 20, both in abundance.
A former attempt at cultures with this species proved futile,® but Professor Fraser?® met with better success in cultures made by himself during the same season of 1910. He was able to abundantly infect both Atriplex hastata and Chenopodium album from teliospores on Distichlis spicata. Material from his cul- tures was most generously sent to the writer. Since then he has sent material of his more extensive and important cultures of I9gIz, which need not be specifically mentioned here, although they strengthen the conclusions about to be stated.
A careful morphological study of herbarium material, both as collected in the field and as grown from cultures, shows no appre- ciable difference in the gross or microscopical characters between the several stages of Puccimia subnitens Diet. and Uromyces Peckianus Farl., except in one particular—the unilocular or bi- locular condition of the teliospore. When the teliospore is two- celled, as in the Puccimia, it is correspondingly longer than, but essentially the same otherwise as the one-celled teliospore, found in the Uromyces. The aecia in their peridial cells and aecio- spores, and the uredinia in their appearance and in their uredinio- spores, when taken by themselves are indistinguishable. The only character with which to separate the so-called two species is the presence or absence of a septum in the teliospore.
Both the Puccinia and the Uromyces show marked racial tend- encies in the selection of aecial hosts, seemingly correlated with
®See Mycol. 4: 12. 1912. . Mycoleg 72-7454 TOT).
56 MycCoLoGIA
geographical position, but more information is needed regarding the races of the Uromyces before a full comparison can be insti- tuted. Whether the aecia of the Uromyces ever occur upon any family other than the Chenopodiaceae, as do those of the Puc- ‘cima, yet remains uncertain, but it is confidently expected that such will be the case. In any event there is every reason, except that of nomenclatorial expediency, to consider Puccinia subnitens and Uromyces Peckianus telial races of one and the same species which in turn may be separable into geographical races in accord- ance with their selection of aecial hosts.
7. UromMyces Mepicacinis Pass. The urediniospores from plants of Medicago sativa L., carried over the winter in the green- house, were sown March 8 on Medicago sativa, Trifolium pra- tense, T. medium, and T. repens, producing infection only on the first, uredinia showing March 22. A similar set of sowings was made April 28 on other plants of the same four hosts, with sim- ilar result, only the Medicago being infected, showing uredinia May 12. The work of IgIo is thus confirmed."*
8. GYMNOSPORANGIUM Nibus-Avis Thax., on Jumiperus vir- giniana L., was sent by Dr. Frank D. Kern from Newfield, N. J., and sown May 4 on leaves of Cydonia vulgaris, Malus coronaria, Amelanchier erecta, and also on the fruit of the last. The only infection was on the fruit of the Amelanchier, showing numerous pycnia May 12, and aecia in great abundance May 24. Another collection on the same host sent by Professor E. Mead Wilcox from Lincoln, Neb., was sown May 11 on leaves of the same three hosts, with infection only on the Malus, giving pyenia June 2, but the leaves dying before aecia formed.*”
Q. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARIAEFORME (Jacq.) DC., on Ju- niperus sibirica Burgsd., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Lake Eldora, Colo., and sown May 25 in the open orchard on fruits of pears and apples, and in the greenhouse on leaves of Cydoma vulgaris and fruits of Amelanchier erecta, with no results except on fruits of Amelanchier, giving abundant pycnia May 31, and very abundant aecia June 15."*
™ See Mycol. 4: 24. . 1912.
12 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 2: 230. 1910; and 4: 25. 1912.
18 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 18. 1908; Mycol. 1: 239. 1909; andoa 24, Lor:
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 57
10. GYMNOSPORANGIUM INCONSPICUUM Kern, on Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Paonia, Colo., was sown April 7 on leaves of Amelanchier erecta and of A. vulgaris, with infection only on the latter, showing pycnia April 24, but not maturing aecia.**
I1. GYMNOSPORANGIUM LiBocepRI (P. Henn.) Kern, on Libo- cedrus decurrens Torr., sent by an unknown correspondent, was sown April 17 on Amelanchier vulgaris, Crataegus tomentosa, C. cerronis, and Sorbus aucuparia, with no infection on the last, but pycnia showing on the other hosts April 25, 26 and 28 respec- tively, and abundant aecia on the Amelanchier, showing May 16.%°
12. GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERINUM (L.) Mart., on Junip- erus sibirica Burgsd., sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Palmer Lake, Colo., was sown April 26 on Sorbus aucuparia, without producing infection. It was again sown May 5 on S. americana, and pro- duced pycnia May 20 in abundance, but did not develop aecia.
The species has not been cultivated before from American material. The first cultures were made in Europe by Robert Hartig’® about. 1882 at Munich, and the species named G. tremel- loides, from its conspicuous telia. The Linnaean name appears to have been transferred by Oersted in 1866 to a much less con- spicuous form, as pointed out by Kern,’” but it seems best now to follow the original usage. The galls used in the present culture were on small branches and about one centimeter across.
13. COLEOSPORIUM VERNONIAE B. & C. A collection of Per- idermwum carneum Bosc, on Pinus taeda L., collected by Mr. Ray Stretch and the writer at Mississippi City, Miss., was sown March 6 on Laciniaria scariosa and Vernonia gigantea, with in- fection only on the latter, uredinia showing March 22. Three other collections on Pinus taeda L., made by the same persons at Biloxi, Miss., were each sown March 8 on.Laciniaria scariosa and L. punctata, with no infection. The results confirm the work of Toro."
“For previous cultures on fruit of Amelanchier see Jour. Myc. 14: 24. 1908.
* For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 252. 19009.
“Hare, Wehith. Bawm-Kr. 133. 1882.
™ Science 27: 930. 1908; Bull. Torrey Club 35: 499. 1908; and Bull. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7: 458. 1911. #8 See Mycol. 4: 29. 1912.
58 MycCoOLoGIA
14. MELAMPSORA ALBERTENSIS Arth., on Populus tremuloides. Michx., from Palmer Lake, Colo., sent by Mr. E. Bethel, was sown April 20 on Larix laricina, Ribes Cynosbati and Pseudo- tsuga mucronata, with infection only on the last, showing pycnia in abundance May 4, and aecia May 9.%® On our excursion to Colorado in September Dr. Kern and the writer in company with Mr. Bethel observed great areas of the mountain sides covered with the yellowed foliage of P. tremuloides, almost every leaf of which showed uredinia and telia of this rust. It seems remark- able there should be so few collections of it in herbaria, and also of its aecia on Pseudotsuga.
15. MELAMPSORELLA ELATINA (A. & S$.) Arth> Parison large witches’ broom of Aecidium elatinum A. & S., on Abies lasiocarpa Nutt., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Lake Eldora, Colo., 9,000 feet altitude, and sown August 8 on Cerastium oreophilum, giving an exceedingly abundant infection of uredinia, first recorded on September 7. This is the first culture of the species with American material. In Europe cultures with aecio- spores have been made by von Tubeuf,?? Klebahn,”4 and Ed. Fischer,?? and indications of races have been found. This is an interesting species of rust from the unusual fact of both phases having perennial mycelium.
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES REPORTED NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME.— The following species have never before been cultivated, in America or elsewhere, so far as the writer knows. It is much to be regretted that some of the species could not be brought to full development, but although the results are in part imperfect, they represent most important additions to previous knowledge.
1. Pucctnra LycopEsMI4E Ellis & Ev., on wintered-over stems of Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don, collected April 6, 1911, by Mr. E. Bartholomew, at Stockton, Kans., was sown on plants
For previous cultures see Mycol. 4: 29. 1912.
70> Deuts. Bot. Ges. 19: 433. 1901; Arb. Biol. Abth. Land.-Forstw. Kais, Gesundh. 2: 368.
21 Jahr. Wiss. Bot. 35: 609. 1901; Zeits. Pfl.-Kr. 12: 139. 1902; and) Jair, Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 207: 31. 1902.
= Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 19: 397. 1901; Zeits. Pfl.-Kr. rz: 321, 1901; and 12: 103.1902.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 59
of the same species April 19, and characteristic telia were ob- served May 3, without being preceded by pycnia or other spore- forms. The species clearly produces but the one form of spore in its life cycle. The aecia often found on this host are un- doubtedly heteroecious.
2. AECIDIUM MONOICUM Peck, on Arabis sp. Living plants of some smooth leaved species of Arabis bearing aecia were sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Boulder, Colo., 5,000 feet altitude, and ar- ranged May 9 over plants of Koeleria cristata, Stipa viridula, and Trisetum subspicatum, followed by infection only on the last, uredinia and telia being first observed June 1. Similar plants bearing aecia were also sent by Mr. Bethel from Lake Eldora, Colo., 9,000 feet altitude, and placed over plants of Koeleria cristata and Trisetum majus, followed by infection on the latter only, uredinia and telia being first observed July 24.
The results of the cultures appear unequivocal. The aecia used belong to a form on Arabis, and probably also on related genera, very common throughout the Rocky mountain region, which infests the whole plant and usually prevents it from flowering, consequently the determination of hosts is usually difficult and often impossible. Whether all collections labelled Aecidium monoicum Peck belong here may be left to future ex amination, but most of them doubtless do so, although there may be races going to different species of grasses. A bright yellow form on Cheiranthus Menziesu from Nevada was named Aecid- tum auriellum by Mr. Peck, and may be identical with the Arabis forms, as the difference in color appears to be incidental.
The telial phase has passed under the name Puccinia Trisets Erikss., a name which belongs to a species with covered telia, that has not with certainty been found in America. The rust with similar naked telia on Koeleria and Stipa, Puccinia Stipae Arth., is almost identical in morphological characters, but it forms the curious Aecidium sclerothecioides E. & E. on composites. There is, moreover, an adaptive distinction—the Trisetwm form is capable of germination as soon as the teliospores are mature, while in P. Stipae the teliospores require a period of rest, and first show their viable character the following spring. Telio- spores from the first of the above recorded cultures were tested
60 MycoLocia
in drop culture, and gave abundant and vigorous germination after twelve hours. Sowings were at once made June 29 on two plants of Arabis in the rosette stage, grown from seed sent . by Mr. Bethel from Colorado. One plant flowered later and showed no evidence of infection. The other plant gradually developed numerous lateral buds, forming a compact mass of small rosettes. This rather abnormal development seems to in- dicate a probable infection, but the proof must await the elon- gation of the stems at flowering time next spring.
The credit for detecting the probable connection of these aecial and telial forms is to be shared by Mr. A. O. Garrett and Mr. E. Bethel. On packet 75 of the Fungi Utahensis, Aecidium mono- icum on Arabis Drummondu, Mr. Garrett adds the note, “ap- parently connected with a rust on Trisetwm subspicatum.” This collection was made July 22, 1905, and in a letter dated April 30, 1906, he writes: “On July 22 I made a collection of aecidia © on Arabis Drummondu. The plants were in an open place on the mountain side between spruce timber on either side. On August 21 I returned to the spot to hunt for the alternate form of the A. monoicum: Upon reaching the locality I found a plant of Trisetum subspicatum, and on it I found teleutospores | dis- tributed in Fungi Utahensis ro4]. Immediately next to it I found a dried up plant of A. Drummondu with abundant aecidia. Looking further, I found that wherever I found the III, I found I, although in a few cases I found I without running across III.” It should be borne in mind that these observations were made in the arid region of the Rocky mountains, where juxtaposition is more significant than in more humid regions. Mr. Bethel made similar observations at various times in Colorado, and is, moreover, convinced from his field studies that the same spe- cies of rust occurs on Koeleria and Stipa. This may be true, and collections in the herbarium seem to justify the opinion, at least for Koeleria, but cultures are yet wanting, material for which should be gathered in late summer or autumn, and not in spring. In a letter dated April 9, 1911, Mr. Bethel makes the significant statement: “The Koeleria and Trisetum rusts have a strange way of disappearing. It is almost impossible to find them in the spring. I brought home plants of both Koeleria and
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 61
Trisetum last fall which were very badly rusted, and planted in the garden. However, this spring I can see the telia on only one leaf, and that-is the Trisetum.”’ Even the rust on the one leaf may have been another species. ‘The evanescent character of this species corresponds to that of Puccima Eatoniae Arth., having aecia on Ranunculus abortivus from a diffused mycelium and ap- pearing over the whole surface of the leaf early in spring.
As the rust is now for the first time clearly recognized, it is herewith distinctively named and characterized.
Puccinia monoica (Peck) n. nom. (Aecidium monoicum Pecwenot Gaz. 4: 230... 1870.)
O. Pycnia amphigenous, thickly scattered over large areas, preceding or among the aecia, honey-yellow becoming brownish, sub-epidermal, flattened-globose, 90-160p in diameter by 60-112p high; ostiolar filaments 30—9op long.
I. Aecia chiefly hypophyllous, evenly and thickly scattered, usually occupying the whole under surfaces of the leaves, cupu- late or short cylindrical, 0.3-0.4 mm. in diameter; peridium whit- ish, the margin erect or spreading, somewhat lacerate, the peridial cells rhomboidal, 29-34» long, the outer wall 7—10p thick, striate, the inner wall 3-3.5u thick, verrucose; aeciospores globoid, 15-23 by 18-25p, the wall colorless, 1.5-2.54 thick, rather finely ver- rucose.
Il. Uredinia chiefly epiphyllous, somewhat gregarious, oval or oblong, 0.5-1 mm. long, cinnamon-brown, pulverulent; uredinio- spores broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, 19-21 by 24-3Ip, the wall cinnamon-brown, about 2 thick, finely and closely echinulate, the pores 6-8, scattered.
III. Telia chiefly epiphyllous, more or less gregarious, oval, oblong, or roundish, 0.5-1 mm. long, pulvinate, chocolate-brown or cinereous by germination at maturity, early naked; teliospores ellipsoid or clavate-oblong, 16-24 by 34—45n, the wall cinnamon- brown, I-1.5m thick, thicker at apex, 5—10p, smooth ; pedicel nearly or quite colorless, rather slender, once to twice length of spore.
O and I. Pycnia and aecia on various species of Arabis throughout the Rocky mountain region, type collection from Colorado, on Arabis retrofracta, made by T. S, Brandegee.
II and III. Uredinia and telia on various species of Trisetum, the present known geographical range not so great as for the aecial stage.
3. GYMNOSPORANGIUM NEtsoni Arth. (G. durum Kern), on
Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Delta, Colo., was sown April 5 on Amelanchier vulgaris,
62 | _ Mycorocia
A. erecta, Crataegus cerroms, Philadelphus coronarius, and on the last species once more April 12. The only infection was on Amelanchier vulgaris, showing pycnia April 24, but failing to mature aecia. Other sowings made in May were without re- sults. The connection with aecia on Amelanchier had been pre- dicted by Mr. Bethel from his field observations in Colorado from 1907 to the present season, and also by Mr. A. O. Garrett in Utah, 1910. The same kind of observation is recorded by Tracy & Earle for southern Colorado in 1898.7* The galls used for these sowings were on small twigs, globoid, and from I to 2 cm. in diameter. This form, generally distributed under the name of G. durum Kern, has recently been united by Dr. Kern™ with G. Nelsoni Arth. On the type specimens of the latter the galls are small, only 1-8 mm. in diameter, and hence not at first readily identified with the large woody galls, which have been called G. durum.
All cultures heretofore reported in this series under the name G. Nelsom belong not to this species but to G. juvenescens Kern, as stated in the report for 1910.%° The latter is a species pro- ducing witches’ brooms, but not woody galls. |
4. GYMNOSPORANGIUM KERNIANUM Bethel, on Juniperus utah- ensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sent by Mr. Bethel from Paonia, Colo., was sown April 7 on Amelanchier vulgaris, and Crataegus cer- ronis, with infection only on the Amelanchier, showing pycnia April 17, but not maturing aecia. Another sowing on Amelan- chier vulgaris April 17 was without result, and the same was true of another collection from Paonia, Colo., sown on the same day. The failure to secure aecia makes it impossible to identify the aecia of this species among the many forms occurring on Amelan- chier, although it is doubtless already in the hands of collectors. So far as the evidence goes it bears out Mr. Bethel’s surmise?® regarding the aecial hosts. This culture is referred to by Kern*’ in his monograph on the genus Gymnosporangium.
5. GYMNOSPORANGIUM EFFUSUM Kern, on Juniperus virginiana
*° Greene, Plantae Bakerianae 1: 19. 1901.
“4 Bull Ne Y. Bot.-Gard. 7: 2adqs-47o, 61011.
eo Mycolxa; 20.0 a0 12,
46:See Mycol. 9-158. 101 4,
7 See Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garden 7: 449. 1911.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII. 63
L., collected at Newfield, N. J., by Messrs. F. D. Kern and B. O. Dodge, was sown May 4 on Aroma arbutifoha, Amelanchier can- adensis, Pyrus communis, Malus coronaria, and M. Malus, with infection on the first only, showing pycnia in abundance June 15, but failing to develop aecia.
Although this infection did not proceed to a sufficient develop- ment to show the identity of the aecia, yet there are some reasons, chiefly relating to host and geographical distribution for think- ing that we are dealing with Roestelia transformans Ellis, which was described by Mr. Ellis from material collected at Newfield, N. J., on Aroma arbutifoha. .
6. GYMNOSPORANGIUM GRACILENS (Peck) Kern & Bethel (G. speciosum Peck), on Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg., sent by Mr. Bethel from Trinidad, Colo., was sown April 26 on Crataegus tomentosa, Sorbus aucuparia, and Philadelphus coro- narius, with heavy infection on the last, showing pycnia May 6, and aecia May 29. Before the infection had become certain another sowing was made May 1 on Amelanchier vulgaris, and the day following again on another plant of the same host, and also on the fruit of A. erecta, as well as the leaves of Philadel- phus coronarwms. Again infection was secured only on the Phil- adelphus, the pycnia showing in the greatest abundance May 13, and aecia June 8.
This connection was suggested by Mr. Bethel, who has given a history of his observations in a recent number of Mycorocta.”® The result of this set of cultures was communicated to Dr. F. D. Kern, then residing in New York, which enabled him to complete the description and synonymy of the species and to list the aecial hosts in his monograph of the genus Gymnosporangium.?® The connection is especially notable, as it carries the aecial hosts of Gymnosporangium outside the families of Malaceae and Rosaceae, into the Hydrangiaceae. As the studies of this genus progress more and more evidence is secured to show that it possesses out- lying species approaching in form and habit some of those in other genera.
28 Bethel, Notes on some species of Gymnosporangium in Colorado, Mycol.
Qi 156-160. Torr: - see bul Nev. Bot. Garden 7: 458.) 1911:
64. MycoLoGIA
The ease with which infection of the garden Philadelphus, originally a native of the Caucasus, was secured proved a sur- prise. Every effort was made to obtain native species of the genus, but without success until too late for culture work.
SUMMARY
The following is a complete list of the successful cultures made during the year 1911. It is divided into two series, species that have previously been grown in cultures and reported by the writer or other investigators, and species whose culture is now reported for the first time.
A. SPECIES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED
1. Puccima Pecku (DeT.) Kellerm.—Teliospores from Carex lanuginosa Michx., sown on Onagra biennis (L.) Scop..
2. Puccima angustata Peck.—Teliospores from Scirpus cyper- mus (L.) Kunth, sown on Lycopus americanus Muhl.
3. Puccinia Phragmitis (Schum.) K6rn.—Teliospores from Phragmites commums Trin., sown on Rumex crispus L.
4. Puccinia cinerea Arth.—Teliospores from Puccinellia air- oides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult., sown on Orxygraphis Cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl.
5. Puccinia subnitens Diet.—Teliospores from Distichlis spi- — cata (L.) Greene, sown on Cleome spinosa L., Atriplex hastata L., and Chenopodium album L.
6. Uromyces Peckianus Farl.—Teliospores from Distichlis spi- cata (L.) Greene, sown on Atriplex hastata L.
7. Uromyces Medicaginis Pass.—Urediniospores from Medi- cago sativa L., sown on same species of host.
8. Gymnosporangium Nidus-avis Thax.—Teliospores from Juniperus virginiana L., sown on fruits of Amelanchier erecta Blanch. and leaves of Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.
9. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Jacq.) DC—Telio- spores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on fruits of Ame- lanchier erecta Blanch.
10. Gymnosporangium inconspicuum Kern.—Teliospores from Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sown on leaves of Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 65
11. Gymnosporangium Libocedri (P. Henn.) Kern—Telio- spores from Libocedrus decurrens Torr., sown on Amelanchier vulgaris Moench, Crataegus tomentosa L., and C. cerroms A. Nels.
12. Gymnosporangium juniperinum (L.) Mart. (G. tremel- loides R. Hartig).—Teliospores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Sorbus americana Marsh.
13. Coleosporium Vernoniae B. & C.—Aeciospores from Pinus taeda L., sown on Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Britton.
14. Melampsora albertensis Arth—Teliospores from Populus tremuloides Michx., sown on Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. 7
15. Melampsorella elatina (A. & 5.) Arth.—Aeciospores from Abies lasiocarpa Nutt., sown on Cerastium oreophilum Greene. .
B. SPECIES REPORTED NoW FoR THE FIRST TIME
1. Puccinia Lygodesmiae Ellis & Ev.—Teliospores from Ly- godesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don, sown on the same species of host.
2. Puccinia monoica (Peck) Arth.—Aeciospores from Arabis sp., sown on Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv., and T. majus (Vasey) Rydb. |
3. Gymnosporangium Nelson Arth. (G. durum Kern) .—Telio- spores from Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sown on Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
4. Gymnosporangium Kernianum Bethel.—Teliospores from Jumperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sown on Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
5. Gymnosporangium effusum Kern.—Teliospores from Junip- erus virginiana L., sown'on Aronia arbutifolia (L.) EI.
6. Gymnosporangium gracilens (Peck) Kern & Bethel_—Telio- spores from Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg., sown on Philadelphus coronarius L.
Pi
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, INDIANA.
A BLACK KNOT DISEASE OF DIANTHERA AMERICANA L.
I. M. Lewis
(WitH PLATES 58-61, CONTAINING 10 FIGURES)
INTRODUCTION
During the past two years the water willow, Dianthera ameri- cana, growing along a small creek near the campus of the Uni- versity of Texas has been affected with a disease which does not appear to have been heretofore reported. Affected plants were first observed during the summer of 1910, but owing to the pressure of other duties at that time the investigation was only superficial and failed to reveal the true nature of the trouble. At the beginning of the present season however, it was made a subject of special investigation which has brought out clearly the nature of the disease and all of the salient features in the life history of the causal organism. A few points which as yet are not fully determined will be more carefully followed this coming season.
SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE
The disease affects the aerial portions of the plant and pro- duces numerous hypertrophied areas of the internodes. These areas are not localized on any particular portion of the stem but occur at irregular intervals beginning near the base and extending to the tip. The internode which bears the inflorescence, and mid- rib of the leaf are frequently affected. The swollen areas vary in length from one to three centimeters and usually completely encircle the stem. The hypertrophy is not uniform but occurs as distinct ridges opposite the peripheral steles, which 1n this spe- cies of Dianthera are six in number (Plate LIX, fig. 1).
As the disease develops the outer tissue of the stem is rup- tured by a longitudinal fissure and exposes the developing fungus . which presents a smooth grayish surface over a dark background
66
Lewis: BrtAcK Knot DISEASE oF DIANTHERA 67
of compact tissue. In typical cases there are six such ruptures, one for each of the peripheral steles. In older stages the fungus areas become somewhat confluent, but they always remain more or less separate. The surface becomes distinctly roughened and papillate with age. The grayish color disappears and the entire area becomes jet black (Plate LVIII, figs. 1 and 2).
ETIOLOGY AND EFFECT ON THE Host
In order to facilitate the study of the relationship of fungus and host, sections were prepared from normal portions of the stem and from affected areas in different stages of development. The material was fixed in chrom-acetic acid fixing solution and imbedded in celloidin. Both longitudinal and transverse sections were prepared and then stained with aniline safranin and Dela- field’s haematoxylin. |
A section through one of the affected areas reveals the fact that the fungus bears a close relation to the vascular tissue of the host, and that certain definite structural modifications are caused by it.
The stem is polystelic, there being seven steles, six of which are disposed in a circle in the peripheral portion while one occupies a position near the center of the stem. The ground tissue is made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with large inter- cellular spaces typical of aquatic or semiaquatic plants. The steles are orbicular in cross section and each is surrounded by a thin-walled, completely closed endodermis. Inside the endo- dermis there is a layer of thin-walled stereomatic tissue. The mestome bundles are collateral and arranged in an arch toward tiepetipaery of the stem, while the inner face of the stele. is occupied by a pith and a few scattered strands of pure leptome. The cambium lies inside the leptome.
Sections taken from portions of the stem somewhat removed from one of the affected areas show the same structure as a normal unaffected stem except that the vessels of the xylem cOmiammitmerous-fungal filaments (Plate LXI, fig. 3; Pl. LX, fig. 1). In some cases the vessels are completely filled with the filaments of the fungus.
All portions of the affected plants reveal the presence of these
68 MycoLoGIA
filaments in the vascular tissue but they never invade the ground tissue except in the swollen areas noted above. Sections have been taken from the aerial portions, the rhizome, and the roots. At this season of the year (November) underground portions of the plant are abundantly supplied with the fungal filaments while the aerial parts have died down and almost completely disap- peared. It seems highly probable that these filaments persist throughout the winter and begin growth with the aerial portions in the spring. Strength is afforded this hypothesis by the fact that the disease occurs in localized areas while plants somewhat removed are often unaffected. This point however has not been definitely determined.
The fungus causes decided structural changes in the steles and in the ground tissue immediately surrounding them. These changes are affected only in portions of the stem which become hypertrophied as noted above. ‘The steles are generally changed in outline and frequently become branched. The cambium of the inner face is stimulated to produce new xylem cells and fre- quently a wedge-shaped area results which is greater in extent than the original stele. The cells of this enlarged portion always contain filaments of the fungus (Plate LX, fig. 1).
The loose, lace-like ‘ground tissue surrounding the stele is re- placed by a dark, compact parenchyma with no intercellular spaces. This tissue seems to be made up of cells of both fungus and host but in some cases the host tissue is changed beyond the border of the fungus invasion. This parenchyma develops from the side of the stele directed toward the periphery of the stem, while there is little or none of it produced toward the center. The central stele is also usually affected (Plate LIX, fig. 1). Compare cells of the normal ground tissue in parts of Plate LIX with Plate LX hess.
The fungus, after it reaches the outer part of the stem, forms a layer of rather loose pseudoparenchyma which bursts open the epidermis producing the pulvinate effect already noted. From this tissue the conidiophores arise. The conidio- phore layer is very compact in structure and its outer surface is
quite smooth and even. The conidiophores produce numerous ©
crops of spores. In cross section this layer is marked by several
Lewis: BLAcK Knot DISEASE oF DIANTHERA 69
concentric lines (Plate LIX, fig. 2). These lines serve to indi- cate the number of crops of spores produced as they are formed by the broken stubs or remnants of branches from which the spores have fallen. Figure 2, Plate LIX, shows an area which has borne six or seven crops of spores. ‘This figure shows also the shape and outline of the conidiophore layer.
The conidiophores are somewhat branched, septate, packed very closely together and bear spores at the tip and from very short lateral outgrowths near the tip. They continue growth in length by a lateral branch after the spores have fallen and the broken stubs appear in cross section as distinct lines. The conidiospores are unicellular, oval, hyaline and measure I0 to 15 by Ge elate LXI, fig. 2).
With age this layer begins to slough away, giving the outer surface a very rough ragged appearance. While the conidio- phore layer is breaking down a differentiation takes place in the deeper stromatic mass upon which it rests. In transverse sections small cavities appear in the stroma. ‘These are the beginnings of the perithecia and by the time the outer layer of conidiophores have disappeared they are almost fully developed. The peri- thecia are numerous and closely packed together in the stroma. They are somewhat elongated 475 to 550 by 300 to 350p and pro- duce rather long necks which open by a definite ostiole. The broken remains of the conidiophore layer together with the necks of the perithecia cause the ragged papillate character of the sur- face as noted above.
The asci are small, 50 to 65 by Io to I5p, thin-walled, and spring from the bottom and sides of the perithecium. The spores are eight in number, biseriate, unicellular, hyaline, allantoid, and iiteasune 6 to 9 by 2n. Where are no paraphyses (Plate LXI, fig. 4). The perithecia do not develop definite walls but each represents rather a loculus in the stroma (Plate LX, fig. 2).
The cultural characters of the fungus are not at present known, as all attempts to grow it in cultures have failed. Attempts were made to isolate from both the conidiospores and the ascospores as well as the tissue from the stroma but without success.
70 MycoLociIa
‘TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
There does not appear to be any described genus to which this fungus can be unreservedly referred. The structure of the stroma and of the perithecium places it among the Dothidiaceae. In many respects it resembles Plowrightia, and were it not for the fact that the spores are unicellular there would be little objec- tion to assigning it to that genus. However, the spores de- scribed above are of undoubted maturity and such a classification is therefore untenable.
It appears to more nearly agree with Bagmiesiella than any other described genus and probably does not differ from it suffi- ciently to warrant the founding of a new genus. The shape of the spores is perhaps the most important feature which differs. In B. australis the spores are elliptical with obtuse ends and sub- inequilateral and are therefore not markedly different from the spores herein described.
Bagniesiella Diantherae sp. nov.
Stroma erumpent, pulvinate, linear, 10 to 30 mm. in length by 2 to 4mm. in diameter, black, smooth at first, becoming roughened and tuberculate with age. Conidial stage appearing before the ascigerous and borne on the same stroma. Conidiophores
" branched, packed closely together, conidiospores hyaline, oval,
unicellular, 10-15 X 3u. Perithecia numerous, subglobose to elongate, immersed in the stroma, 475-550 X 300-350. Necks elongate, ostiolate. Asci clavate, 50-65 X 10-15mu, without pa- raphyses, 8-spored. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline, continuous al- lantoid, 6-9 X 2p.
On living stems of Dianthera americana at Austin, Texas.
In conclusion, the writer wishes to acknowledge his indebted-_ ness to Mrs. Flora W. Patterson for her opinion as to the rela- tionship of the fungus.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN, TEXAS.
MyYCOLOoGIA PLATE LVill
2
BAGNIESIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
MyYCOLOGIA PLATE LIX
2
BAGNIESIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
PLATE LX
MYCOLOGIA
SIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
X
BAGNIE
Prate ex]
MycoLoGIA
BAGNIESIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
is i a -
:
A
: " at
ee if ; <p if = \ F 3 t > ab Hie (ou “e . S a af i f ~~ 7 7
Lewis: BLAcK Knot DISEASE OF DIANTHERA Wot
EXPLANATION OF PLATES LVIII-LXI
Plate LVIII, figure 1. Portion of aerial stem of the plant showing hyper- trophy opposite the steles and the longitudinal rupture of the host tissue. Both young and older stages are here shown.
Plate LVIII, figure 2. Older stages than shown in figure 1. The fungus areas have become somewhat roughened and tuberculate on the surface.
Plate LIX, figure 1. Transverse section through an affected area. The six peripheral steles and the central one show the effects of the fungus. The ground tissue is normal in portions of the section and shows the changed struc- ture in others. The conidiophore layer may be distinguished around the periphery of the stromata. The clear spaces in the stromata are young perithecia.
Plate LIX, figure 2. A portion of the conidiophore layer more highly magni- fied. The conidiophores show the concentric zonation which indicates the num- ber of crops of spores they have produced. The dark-colored parenchyma formed by the fungus and host is also shown.
Plate LX, figure 1. One of the peripheral steles showing the formation of additional xylem, the fungal filaments in the vessels, and the changed paren- chyma surrounding the steles.
Plate LX, figure 2. Portion of the stroma showing the perithecia and broken ragged nature of the surface of the stroma. The perithecia are immersed locules in the stroma.
Plate LXI, figure 1. Portion of the conidiophore layer showing the uniform zonation. X 300.
Figure 2. Conidiophore and conidiospores. X 8oo.
Figure 3. Portion of one of the steles showing the location of the fungal tissue within the vessels. XX 380.
Figure 4. An ascus with the mature spores. X 1,200.
THE AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NORTH AMERICA—V
WILLIAM A. MurRRILL
The tropical species with ochraceous or ferruginous spores are treated in this article and the next following in the series. A majority of these species occur on decaying wood. The generic distinctions are not always clearly defined, the group being con- sidered difficult for a beginner.
Lamellae readily separable from the context; pileus dimid-
iate or resupinate. I. TAPINIA, Lamellae not readily separable from the contex. Volva and annulus absent; veil present at times in young stages, but evanescent. Pileus centrally stipitate. Stipe cartilaginous.
Lamellae dissolving at maturity. 2. MyYceENA. Lamellae not dissolving at maturity. ; Lamellae free. 3. PLUTEOLUS: j
Lamellae adnate or adnexed. Margin of pileus straight, from the first. 4. CONOCYBE. ; | Margin of pileus at first inflexed. 5. NAUcoRIA. Stipe fleshy. Universal veil arachnoid, distinct from the cuticle; lamellae adnate. 6. CORTINARIUS. Universal veil not arachnoid. Lamellae sinuate or adnexed.
Pileus fibrillose or silky. 7, TNOCYBE. Pileus smooth and viscid. 8. HERELOMA. Lamellae adnate or decurrent. 9. RYSSOSPORA. Pileus dimidiate or resupinate. 10. PHIALOCYBE. Volva absent, annulus present. Pileus hygrophanous. 11. PHOLIOTINA. Pileus dry. Stipe glabrous or fibrillose. 12. PHOLIOTA, Stipe squarrose-scaly. 13. HyPODENDRUM. 1. Taprnia (Fries) Karst. Hattsv. 452. 1879
This genus includes the dimidiate or resupinate species of the old genus Pavillus, in which the lamellae are usually readily sep- arable from the pileus and anastomose with each other. : &
72
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NortH AMERICA 73
Tapinia lignea (Berk. & Curt.)
Paxillus ligneus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 9: 423. 1867.
Collected at Orizaba, Mexico, by Botteri, and said by the au- thors to be allied to Pavillus panuoides. The types at Kew much resemble this latter species, and further investigation may show that they do not merit specific distinction.
2. Mycena (Pers.) Roussel, Fl. Calvados ed. 2. 64. 1806 Bolbitius Fries, Epicr. Myc. 253. 1838.
This genus is characterized among the ocher-spored genera by its deliquescent lamellae. There are few species in it, and these are not generally well known.
1. Mycena fragilis (Fries) Bolbitius fragilis Fries, Epicr. Myc. 254. 1838. Reported from the Antilles by Fries, and from two collections by Duss in Guadeloupe.
2. Mycena villipes (Fries)
Bolbitius villipes Fries, Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. III. 1: 28. 1851. Collected and well figured in color by Oersted at Naranjo, Costa Rica. No specimens of it were found in Europe.
3. Mycena jalapensis sp. nov.
Pileus conic to expanded, thin, umbonate, gregarious, 2-4 cm. broad; surface viscid, striate, flavo-melleous, fulvous on the umbo; lamellae free, narrow, close, becoming ferruginous, at length deliquescent; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, flavo-lu- teous under a microscope, 12-14 & 6-8u; stipe cylindric, equal, hollow, glabrous, white or sulfureous, 6-8 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Type collected among chips in woods near Jalapa, Mexico, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill ro2 (type), 128.
4. Mycena mexicana sp. nov.
Pileus subcespitose, conic to expanded, umbonate, about 2 cm. broad; surface striate, avellaneous, fuliginous on the umbo, sub- glabrous, dry; lamellae adnexed, rather broad, becoming ferru-
74 MyYcoLocIa
ginous and at length slightly deliquescent; spores ovoid, smooth, ochroleucous under a microscope, usually uninucleate, 8-9 X 4.5- 5u; stipe slender, white, glabrous, cylindric, equal, hollow, 3-4 cm. long, I mm. thick.
Type collected on decayed wood in coffee plantations at Xu- chiles, near Cordoba, Mexico, January 17, 1910, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 1127.
3. PLUTEOLUS (Fries) Gillet, Champ. Fr. 2: 5403 173
This genus has free lamellae and neither volva nor veil. Few species are known.
Pluteolus tropicalis sp. nov.
Pileus thin, delicate, expanded, 3-5 cm. broad; surface pale- isabelline or ochraceous, glabrous, striate to the disk; context very thin, brownish, mild, with a strong odor of jessamine; lamellae free, crowded, narrow, ochraceous or isabelline to dull- cinnamon; spores ellipsoid, smooth, slightly truncate at one end, with one or more nuclei, ferruginous, 12-14 & 7; stipe cylindric, slightly tapering upward, pruinose-floccose, whitish, with flesh tints below, hollow, fragile, 7-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotting grass in a plowed field at Herradura, Cuba, August 28, 1906, F. S. Earle 536., Also collected ima banana field at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, June 18, 1904, F. S. Earle 102; in grassy ground at Rincon, Cuba, September 8, 1904, F. S. Earle 165; and several times on the ground and once in a bamboo stump at St. George’s, Grenada, July and August, 1905, W. E. Broadway.
4. ConocyBe Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VIl..9: 357.. 18ee Galera (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 103. 1872. Not Galera Blume. 1825.
This genus differs from Naucoria in having the margin straight and appressed to the stipe, instead of incurved, in young stages.
1. CONOCYBE TENER (Schaeff.) Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. 9: 357. 1880
Galera tener (Schaeff.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 104. 1872.
Galera simulans Earle, Inform. An. Estag. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1: 236. 1906._ (Type from Cuba.)
——
MurRrILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NortTH AMERICA 79
Galera grisea Earle, Inform. An. Estag. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1:
2471900. (ype irom Cuba.)
Galera cubensis Earle, Inform. An Estacg. Centr. Agron. Cuba
£: 237. 1900.
This dainty little fungus occurs abundantly on lawns and in manured pastures in temperate regions, and has recently been found to be common about Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.
Jalapa, Mexico, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 139; Hope Gardens, amare, Parle 336;-Port Antonio, Jamaica, W. A. & Edna L. Wari 222, 245; Cuba, Earle 42, 43, 53, 54, 99, 100, IOI, 120, 164, 359, 300, 372, 374, Underwood & Earle 1122; British Hon- duras, VM. E. Peck; Grenada, Broadway.
2. Conocybe Hypnorum (Batsch)
Galera Hypnorum (Batsch) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 105. 1872.
This tiny species is of wide distribution in temperate regions, occurring among mosses or. grasses in shaded localities. The cap is conic, striate, variable in color, usually some shade of yellow- ish-brown. The spores of the Mexican plants are smaller than in typical temperate specimens, and the pileus is pale-isabelline.
Jalapa, Mexico, among mosses in a pasture at the edge of a forest, V. A. & Edna L. Murrill roo.
3. Conocybe echinospora sp. nov.
Pileus conic to campanulate or convex, umbonate, solitary, 5 mm. broad and high; surface glabrous, dry, striate, fulvous-isa- belline, isabelline on the umbo, margin straight, appressed, entire ; lamellae broad, distant, fulvous-isabelline; spores broadly ovoid, pointed at one end, minutely echinulate, ferruginous, 7-8 & 4-5p; stipe glabrous, smooth, slightly tapering upward, very pale lateri- ceous, I-1.5 cm. long, less than 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on a clay bank at Cinchona, Jamaica, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 25-January 8, 1908-9, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 474.
5. Naucorta (Fries) \Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 99. 1872
In this genus the lamellae are adnexed or adnate, the stipe cartilaginous, and the margin inrolled when young, usually lack-
76 MycoLocia
ing a veil. The spores vary in color from ochraceous to fulvous. Temperate species are numerous and difficult; several have also been described from the tropics.
I. NAUCORIA EUTHUGRAMMUS (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 835. 1887 Agaricus (Naucoria) euthugrammus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 290. 1868.
Described from Wright’s collections on rotten wood in Cuba. Very thin, less than 1 cm. broad, pallid-umbrinous, convex, stri- ate, with filiform, hyaline stipe and minute spores.
2. NAUCORIA OINODES (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 842. 1887
Agaricus (Naucoria) oinodes Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 201. 1868:
Described from specimens collected by Wright on rotten wood in Cuba. Less than 1 cm. broad, umbonate-hemispheric, vinous, glabrous, striate, with short, fuscous stipe.
3. NAUCORIA PECTINATA (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 856. 1887 Agaricus (Naucoria) pectinatus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. IO: 291. 1868.
Cespitose on logs, glabrous, striate, 2.5 cm. broad. Types at Kew and Paris are well preserved. Cuba, Wright 81; Mooretown, Jamaica, Earle 561.
4. NAUCORIA SEMIORBICULARIS (Bull.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. TOO. 1872
Agaricus semiorbicularis Bull. Champ. Fr. pl. 422. f. I. 1788. Agaricus (Psilocybe) pediades Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 290. 1821. Naucoria pediades Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 100. 1872.
This species appears to be common throughout both temperate and tropical regions, appearing abundantly along roads and paths and in grassy places during periods of wet weather. Like most cosmopolitan species, it shows considerable variation, even in spore characters.
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NoRTH AMERICA 77
Costa Rica, Oersted; Santa Cruz, Oersted; Guadeloupe, Duss; Cuba, Wright, Earle 540; Mexico, Maury, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 93; Castleton Gardens, Jamaica, Earle 233.
5. Naucoria corticola sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to subexpanded, gregarious, 1-1.5 cm. broad ; surface avelianeous-isabelline, innate-fibrillose with slight tufts, resembling that of Panus stypticus, margin undulate, in- curved when young; lamellae adnate, dull-whitish to bay-fulvous, broad, heterophyllous, rather distant; spores ellipsoid, smooth, ferruginous, 8-9 & 4-5; stipe cylindric, equal, yellow, glabrous at the apex, whitish-pubescent below, 1 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on the bark of a dead stump at Cinchona, Ja-
maica, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 25-January 8, 1908-09, WoAw G&G Edna L. Murrill 533.
6. Naucoria cyathicola sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric-umbonate to convex, 7-12 mm. broad; sur- face isabelline, pale-fulvous on the umbo, innate-fibrillose, mar- gin entire, not striate; lamellae distant, squarely adnate, whitish to pale-ochraceous ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, very pale yel- lowish under the microscope, 6 X 3.54; stipe subequal, cylindric, fibrillose, isabelline, cartilaginous, 2 cm. long, 1.5 mm. thick; veil not evident, except in fibrils on stipe and pileus.
Type collected on dead trunks of tree-ferns at Morce’s Gap, Jamaica, 5,000 ft. elevation, January 2, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 699.
7. Naucoria Earlei sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to expanded or depressed, 2-3 cm. broad; surface glabrous, pallid or alutaceous, margin even or slightly striate; lamellae slightly adnexed, subdistant, rather narrow but ventricose, pallid to fuscous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, fuscous, IO-12 X 6-8; stipe cylindric, solid, firm, glabrous, pallid to brownish, darker than the pileus, 3-4 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Type collected on damp, bare ground, Castleton Gardens, Ja- maica, October 28, 1902, F. S. Earle 230.
8. Naucoria jalapensis sp. nov.
Pileus thin, conic to convex, umbonate, 2.5 cm. broad; surface pearly-white, slightly yellowish on the umbo, glabrous, dry, stri-
78 MycoLociIa
ate, margin at first inflexed; lamellae sinuate-adnexed, broad, rather distant, plane, white to ferruginous, with a purplish tint; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, drawn to a point at one side of the base, smooth, pale-yellow under the microscope, 7 X 4p; stipe equal, cylindric, curved, milky-white, glabrous, 5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; veil fibrillose, clinging to the young margin, soon evanescent.
Type collected on dead wood in a moist virgin forest at Jalapa,
Mexico, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill r6r.
9. Naucoria hepaticicola sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric to convex, gregarious, I cm. broad; sur- face dry, glabrous, smooth, not striate, fulvous; lamellae adnate, plane or slightly arcuate, broad, distant, inserted, melleous to ful- vous; spores ovoid, somewhat irregular in outline, pointed at one end, smooth, uninucleate, melleous, 7-9 & 4-5; stipe curved, tapering upward, glabrous, smooth, cartilaginous, 1.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick above; veil very slight, fibrillose, evanescent.
Type collected on and among liverworts on a clay bank near Jalapa, Mexico, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 131.
10. Naucoria montana sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric-umbonate, gregarious, I-2 cm. broad; sur- face glabrous, striate, light-brown, dark-brown on the umbo; lamellae adnate, broad, of medium distance, heterophyllous; spores pip-shaped, pointed at one or both ends, minutely echinu- late, ferruginous, 9-11 X 4-5p; stipe crooked, slender, cylindric, equal, glabrous, brown above, fuliginous below, 3-4 cm. long, I—2 mm. thick.
Type collected on dead wood at Cinchona, Jamaica, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 25—January 8, 1908-09, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 621. Also collected on dead wood at Morce’s Gap, Ja- maica, December 29, 1908, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 675, and on Sir John Peak, Jamaica, 6,000 ft. elevation, January 5, 1909, W. A. Murrill 819.
11. Naucoria pellucida sp. nov.
Pileus thin, conic to plane, umbonate, 7 mm. broad; surface bay to latericeous on the umbo, testaceous and striate between the
MurritL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NortH AMERICA 79
umbo and the margin, dotted over the surface with translucent, gelatinous, pearly-white droplets or specks; lamellae adnexed, ventricose, distant, pale-testaceous, marked with droplets like those on the surface of the pileus; spores ellipsoid, finely echinu- late, fulvous, 8 X 5p; stipe cylindric, equal, smooth, pallid above, bay below, guttate, 1 cm. long, 0.5 mm. thick.
Type collected on dead wood at New Haven Gap, Jamaica, & 600 ft. elevation, January 4, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 763. Whether the dots that cover the surface of this tiny species are the remains of a universal veil as in Tubaria pellucida or are droplets exuded from the plant under conditions of a maximum amount of moisture, it is impossible at this time to say.
12. Naucoria Sacchari sp. nov.
Pileus thin, subfleshy, convex to expanded, obtuse, I-1.5 cm. broad; surface moist, subviscid, not striate, slightly floccose-scaly to glabrous, pale-fuscous, shading to nearly white on the margin; lamellae adnate, distant, nearly plane, rather broad, pale-fuscous ; spores smooth, ellipsoid, ferruginous, 10-12 & 7-8y; stipe cylin- dric, hollow, floccose, concolorous, 3-4 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotting sugar-cane trash at Hope Gardens, emeaica, October 31, 1902, F. S. Earle 322. The description is drawn from the very complete notes made by Professor Earle from the fresh specimens.
13. Naucoria spinulifer sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric-umbonate with revolute margin, 2 cm. broad; surface innate-fibrillose, smooth, isabelline, testaceous on the umbo, cremeous at the margin; lamellae adnate, arcuate, of medium breadth and distance, dull purplish-isabelline; spores ellipsoid, smooth, ferruginous, 5-7 * 3.5-4u; cystidia hyaline, flask-shaped with short slender stalk and long cylindric neck, 10-15 thick, 30-50p long, including the stalk; stipe curved, cylin- dric, equal, subglabrous, stramineous above, fulvous below, 2.5 em, lome;2.5) mim. thick.
Type collected on dead wood at Morce’s Gap, Jamaica, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 30, 1908, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 705.
14. Naucoria tepeitensis sp. nov.
Pileus very thin, convex, gregarious, reaching 12 mm. broad; surface smooth, whitish, hygrophanous, faintly striate over the
80 MycoLociIa
lamellae, margin entire, inrolled when young; lamellae free to adnate, whitish, dull, several times inserted, broad, distant, the edges white and slightly crenulate; spores subovoid, slightly flat- tened on one side, smooth, uninucleate, very pale melleous under the microscope, 6 X 4m; stipe crooked, arising from a mat of white mycelium, slightly enlarged above, smooth, glabrous, whit- ish, hygrophanous, 1 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on a rotten log in a moist virgin forest in the Tepeite Valley, near Cuernavaca, Mexico, 7,000 ft. elevation,
December 28, 1900, W. A. & Edna L. Murmnil 265.
15. Naucoria Underwoodii sp. nov.
Pileus thin, rather fleshy, convex to expanded, scattered, 2 cm. broad; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish, ochraceous when dry, the disk darker; lamellae adnexed, subcrowded, rather broad, subventricose, dull-fulvous; spores broadly ellip- soid, smooth, 8-9 & 6-7; stipe crooked, slightly larger below, concolorous, hollow, subfibrillose, the apex floccose-fibrillose, 3 cm. long, 3 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotten wood on El Yunque, Cuba, 1,800 ft.
elevation, March, 1903, Underwood & Earle 1237.
16. Naucoria xuchilensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex to plane, slightly depressed, solitary, 3.5 cm. broad; surface ochraceous, slightly fulvous at the center, subgla- brous, even; lamellae adnate, broad, distant, inserted, fulvous; spores ovoid, smooth, uninucleate, ochroleucous, 7-9 X 4—5p; stipe cylindric, equal, glabrous, cremeous, 2 cm. long, 3 mm.
thick.
Type collected in rich, low ground under coffee trees at Xu- chiles, near. Cordoba, Mexico, 1,500 ft: elevation, Januars17, 19010, 17. Ad. Ge edna, Warr, Lie
DOUBTFUL SPECIES
Agaricus (Naucoria) papularis Fries, Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. IIT. 1: 225. 1851. .Collected by Krebs in themsianaia- St. Thomas. ~Types: notetound
Naucoria sideroides (Bull.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 99. 1872. Reported by Berkeley from Wright's Cuban collections, but evidently a wrong determination.
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NORTH AMERICA 81
Agaricus (Naucoria) arenicola Berk. (Fungi Zeyh. no. 6). Reported by Fries from Oersted’s collections in Costa Rica, but very probably different from the South African species. Oer- sted’s figures are unsatisfactory and no specimens are to be found.
Agaricus (Naucoria) cerodes Fries, Epicr. Myc. 195. 1838. Reported from Santo Domingo, but probably another case of incorrect determination.
Agaricus (Naucoria) coprinoceps Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soe. to. 200. 1868. Collected by Wright in Cuba. Spores too dark for Naucoria; probably a Psathyra, one of the brown-spored genera.
6. CorTINARIUS (Pers.) Roussel, Fl. Calvados ed. 2. 61. 1806
This very large and difficult temperate genus has been divided comparatively recently along the subgeneric lines laid down by Fries, but for our present purpose, where only one or two spe- cies are concerned, it seems best to retain the old name and to omit synonyms. |
Cortinarius mexicanus sp. nov.
Pileus convex, solitary, 4 cm. broad; surface pallid with a lilac tint, ferruginous in places, slightly viscid when moist, margin even; lamellae slightly arcuate, adnexed or rarely free, close, regular, deep-lilac; spores boat-shaped, slightly one-sided at one end, regular, minutely echinulate, ferruginous, II-12 * 4—-5p; stipe shining-white with a lilac tint, this tint deepening above, cylindric, abruptly bulbous at the base, 5 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick; veil fibrillose, evanescent, soon ferruginous from the spores.
Type collected on humus in a moist virgin forest at Jalapa, Mexico, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 197.
DouBTFUL SPECIES
Cortinarius Sintenisu P. Henn. Engl. Jahrb. 17: 498. 1893. Collected by P. Sintenis on trunks in Porto Rico, and said by the author to be allied to C. cinnamomeus. The type specimens have not been examined.
82 MycoLoGIa
7. INocyBE (Fries) Quel. Champ: Jura Vos. “gmap aege
A very large and difficult temperate genus having sinuate or adnexed lamellae and a silky or fibrillose pileus.
Inocybe jamaicensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex with a prominent umbo, especially when young, gregarious, 2-3 cm. broad, 1.5 cm. thick; surface fulvous, mi- nutely imbricate-fibrillose-scaly, margin fading to isabelline with age; lamellae adnate, dirty-white, distant, heterophyllous; spores irregular, angular or nodulose, nearly hyaline under the micro- scope, copious, 8-9 X 5y; cystidia turbinate, pointed at each end, (25 X17; stipe equal or slightly larger above, cylindric, avella- neous to brownish below, nearly white above, 3-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick.
Type collected in a clay road at Cinchona, Jamaica, December 25—January 8, 1908-09, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 595.
8. HEBELOMA (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 334. 1872
This genus has a smooth and usually somewhat viscid cap, sinuate or adnexed lamellae, a fleshy stipe, and a slight, evanes- cent veil. It is well represented in temperate regions.
1. Hebeloma Broadwayi sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, convex to expanded, 2-4 cm. broad; surface white, glabrous, subviscid, not striate; lamellae adnexed, crowded, rather narrow, white to ochraceous-fulvous, the edge white, cren- ulate; spores ochraceous-fulvous, ellipsoid, 12-14 & 7-8; stipe cylindric, white, glabrous, hollow, 3-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.
Type collected along roadsides in lowlands at St. George’s, Grenada, W. E. Broadway. |
2. Hebeloma cinchonense sp. nov.
Pileus convex to expanded, umbonate, gregarious, 3-6 cm. broad, 1-2 cm. thick; surface pale-isabelline, rarely milky-white with a stramineous tinge, viscid, smooth, margin white, thin, straight, slightly cottony; context white, without characteristic taste; lamellae white, sinuate-adnexed, ventricose, broad; spores pip-shaped, smooth, with a single large, clear nucleus, pale-mel- leous under the microscope, 8 X 4p; stipe fleshy with a thin rind,
MurrRILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NORTH AMERICA 83
enlarged below, abruptly bulbous at the base, glabrous, white or pale-yellowish, 3-6 cm. long, 7-10 mm. thick; veil slight, fibrillose, evanescent.
Type collected on the ground in a trail at Cinchona, Jamaica, December 25—January 8, 1908-00, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 568. Also collected in a clay road at Cinchona, Jamaica, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 501, and at New Haven Gap near Cinchona, Ja- maica, W. A. & Edna L. Murrili 772. This species was appar- ently abundant about Cinchona at the time of my visit, but it was impossible to obtain many specimens on account of the mongoose, which ate them very greedily.
3. Hebeloma subincarnatum sp. nov.
Pileus conic to plane, gregarious, 2—2.5 cm. broad, 7 mm. thick; surface smooth, glabrous, incarnate-isabelline, margin straight; lamellae adnexed, nearly free, cremeous when young, soon be- coming luteous, broad, ventricose; spores subellipsoid, one-sided, smooth, with one or two nuclei, very pale yellowish, 8 & 4; stipe crooked, cylindric, equal, smooth, ochraceous, fibrillose when young, especially at the top, 3 cm. long, 2.5 cm. thick.
Type collected among moss growing on clay soil in the trail from Monkey Hill to Sir John Peak, 6,000 ft. elevation, January 5, 1909, W. A. Murrill 795.
DouBTFUL SPECIES
Hebeloma longicaudwm (Pers.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 2: 334. 1874. Certain plants collected by Maury in Mexico have been identified as this species.
New York BOTANICAL GARDEN.
NOTES ON IOWA SAPROPHYTES—I GEASTER MINIMUS SCHW. AND ITS RELADIV iS T. H. MaAcsripdE
(WiTH PLATE 62, CONTAINING 3 FIGURES)
Geaster minimus Schw. is a beautiful little species found at times in considerable numbers growing amid the grass in places where this by reason of lighter soil is not too dense. It has been reported from various parts of the world but so far, in North America, from the eastern, forested region of the continent only. The type would appear to have been taken in South Carolina, perhaps about 1821, where it was found later also by Ravenel. It occurs, as reported, in South America, in Ceylon, Australia, Borneo, but, curiously, not in Europe.
However, in 1842, Vittadini described from northern Italy a little geaster, G. marginatus, which according to Saccardo is re- lated to the Schweinitzian type and “appears to differ in the form of endoperidium only and in the ‘vima’ around the peristome.” This “rima”’ is, properly speaking, a fissure, slit, or other elon- gated opening. Morgan (Jour. Cin. Soc., 1899) translates rima “chink” and says it appears sometimes in specimens recognized by him as G. minimus Schw. A chink in the sense of an opening or a fissure would seem here a morphological impossibility. Such a chink would cut out the peristomic areole.
Schweinitz describes Geaster minimus (Syn. Fung. Carol., No. 327): Peridium ovate, at the base plane, white, subpedicellate: the mouth plano-conic, ciliate; the volva (the outer peridium) multifid, fuscescent, white below. Everywhere, on the bare ground in grassy places. Peridium of the size of a large pea, pedicellate. The mouth plano-conic from adhering cilia which are at length revolute and free at the apex. The several lobes (of the outer peridium) elegantly revolute, from the entire arched base; where they touch the ground, fuscescent, white below, occu-
84
MacpsrIDE: Notes oN JowA SAPROPHYTES 85
pying the space of % inch when expanded. Schweinitz evidently knew naught of chink or “ima.”
De Toni in Revue Mycologique, 1887, p. 73, brings us, however, some help. De Toni, speaking of the Italian form, G. mar- ginatus of Vittadini, says: “Cette espece est donc une des plus petites du genre: elle différe du G. minimus S. par la forme du peridium interne, et par la sillon autour du peristome.”’ ‘That 1s, “this species is one of the least of the genus: it differs from G. minimus by the form of the inner peridium and by the furrow around the peristome.” Furrow or groove will do. The furrow, however, is owing to the elevation of a sort of marginal crest rather than to any marked depression around the areole.
Some years since, a tiny geaster was brought in, taken under a thicket of Jumiperus virgimanus L. The form closely resembles specimens of G. minimus Schw. but differs in several minor par- ticulars. It is also like G. marginatus Vitt. but lacks the furrow.
It has seemed worth while to record this western form in order to make comparison of the three. It may be characterized as follows:
Geaster juniperinus sp. nov.
Outer peridium multifid, variable, 5-9-lobed; inner peridium ovate, elongate, pedicellate, white or bluish-white; stoma conic, ciliate, rising from a definite but only slightly depressed areole; columella stout; capillitial threads smooth, pallid by transmitted light, in diameter about 34; spores globose, warted, dark-brown, almost black in mass, about 3».
On the ground beneath juniper trees, Iowa. The figures on the accompanying plate, by Jessie Parish, show the slight differ- ences separating the kindred forms.
The Schweinitzian species in all cases observed are more nearly spherical, with paler and more coarsely warted spores. Vittadini’s, 1. €., the European type, is intermediate, has different spores, more elongate inner peridium, and depressed areole. The lowa form differs in color, in spore-color and markings, approaching G. mimimus in areole, and G. marginatus in other points of struc- ture. The columella in G. minimus is almost nil; in G. juniper-
inus well developed, strong, and persistent. Iowa City, Iowa, Octo, Tort
86 MycoLoGIA
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII
Fig. 1. Geaster juniperinus Macbride. Sporophore, X 1. Sporophore, show- ing section of inner peridium, X 1. Capillitium, threads and spores, X 1,130. A single spore, X 930.
Fig. 2. Geaster marginatus Vittadini. Sporophore, X 1. Sporophore, show- ing cross section of inner peridium, X 1. Capillitium, thread and spore, X 1,000.
Fig. 3. Geaster minimus Schweinitz. Sporophore, X 1. Sporophore, show- ing cross section of inner peridium, xX 1. Capillitium, threads and spore, <1,000:
MyYcoLoGiA PrATE EX
I. GEASTER JUNIPERINUS MACBRIDE 2. GEASTER MARGINATUS VITTADINI 3. GEASTER MINIMUS SCHWEINITZ
THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA W. C. Coker anp O. W. HYMAN
(Wi1TH PLATE 63, CONTAINING Io FIGURES)
During the course of our study of the Saprolegniaceae we brought into the laboratory early in January, 1911, a number of collections from promising pools and runs. Several different species developed in a couple of days. One of these taken from an open ditch in the arboretum was at once conspicuous on ac- count of its stout hyphae and irregular branches. This soon de- veloped club-shaped sporangia and by its method of spore libera- tion was at once recognized as the rare and interesting species Thraustotheca clavata (De Bary) Humphrey.
This mold seems not to have been found since its first discov- ery in 1880. In 1888 De Bary described it as a new species under the name of Dictyuchus clavatus.". He got his specimens from a collection of algal material taken in 1880 by Stahl from a fresh- water lake at Vendenheim near Strassburg, Germany, and kept it growing in his laboratory for four years. The species was really first published incidentally by Busgen in 1882,? who in his study of the development of the sporangia described it sufficiently under the name of Dictyuchus clavatus De Bary sp. nov.
On account of the unparalleled method of spore liberation it was suggested by Solms-Laubach, who, after De Bary’s death, arranged and edited his last paper, that this species might be con- sidered as generically distinct from the other species of Dictyu- chus. This was again remarked on by Fisher in 1892, and the next year, Humphrey in his Saprolegniaceae of the United States was sufficiently impressed with its distinction to give it the generic name of Thraustotheca.
A pure culture of our Chapel Hill plant was obtained as fol-
* Bot. Zeitung 46: 649. 1888.
* Pringsheim’s Jahrb. f, wiss. Botanik, 13: 253. 1882. * Rabenhorst’s Kryptagamen Flora 1: 365. 1802.
87
88 ’ Mycotocra
lows: A petri dish of sterilized agar-agar was inoculated with a drop of water containing free spores. After a few hours the spores sprouted. When the young fungus had grown sufficiently to be discernible with the naked eye it was cut out, together with the immediately surrounding medium and transplanted to a dish of fresh agar-agar. When the growth had become quite robust flies were inoculated, and fine cultures soon resulted. The spe- cies was kept growing and under observation for the rest of the Lei:
The main hyphae of Thraustotheca are stout, straight, and pro- fusely branching into secondary hyphae near their tips. The secondary hyphae are much curved and twisted, and are often curiously knobbed and gnarled as shown in fig. 1. The main hyphae reach a length of 2 cm. in strong cultures, and vary in diameter from 20p to 120m averaging about 37. The sporangia are borne terminally, the hypha continuing from a sub-sporangial branch (fig. 2). The sporangia are typically short, broad, and clavate, differing from the sporangia of any other of the Sap- rolegniaceae. They vary from almost spherical on the one hand to fusiform on the other. The spores encyst within the spo- rangium immediately after they are formed. They are polyhedral in shape, through pressure, each having a hyaline membrane of its own (fig. 3). After the encysting of the spores, the sporan- gial wall, which has always been thin, begins to disappear, van- ishing first as a rule on one side near the end of the club, and continuing to disintegrate until nothing is left of it except a nar- row circular ring at the base. This basal ring may be quite con- spicuous (figs. 4 and 5) or almost entirely absent.
This method of dehiscence is entirely unique among the water molds, and reminds us at once of the mold Mucor and its rela- tives. This resemblance was remarked on at the time the plant was described, and Solms-Laubach thought he saw another point of agreement between Mucor and our plant in the outward bulg- ing of the basal partition. This, however, seems to us to be scarcely if at all noticeable in Thraustotheca. De Bary’s figures show it scarcely at all, and neither do ours.
As the disintegration of the wall proceeds the spores fall apart irregularly. They then emerge from their cysts and swarm in
COKER AND HyMAN: THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA 89
laterally biciliate form. Finally they encyst again and sprout. At the time of the final encystment the spores are of course spherical, measuring about 12.54 in diameter.
The oogonia are borne singly on short, straight, perpendicular branches from the secondary hyphae, rarely from the primaries. At the time when the eggs are fully ripe the odgonia measure about 59 in diameter. They are spherical, smooth, and very slightly pitted, the pits appearing only after staining with chlor- zinc-iodide. Each odgonium contains from I to 8 eggs (fig. 6). The usual number of eggs is either 4 or 6. Ripe eggs are spher- ical or slightly angular from pressure, excentric, with a single large peripheral oil globule (fig. 6). They are very constant as to size with a diameter of from 20 to 224. The antheridial branches also arise from the secondary hyphae. ‘They are long, very crooked, and quite stout. The ends of the antheridial branches become closely applied to the surface of the oogonium, and club-shaped antheridia are cut off from their tips (fig. 7). In many cases it was noted that the antheridium gave off a short tube which entered the oogonium and became applied to an egg (fig. 6). The actual fertilization of the egg was never seen but the antheridia were observed to become empty during the ripen- ing of the eggs. In no case was it found that an antheridial tube became attached to an oogonium arising from the same hypha as itself.
The formation of the oogonia and eggs may be easily watched in this species. ‘The protoplasm of the hypha flows out into the oogonial branch, rapidly packing it with densely granular sub- stance. Ihe tip of the branch swells into a rounded sphere which is packed with a very dense protoplasm. This tip is then cut off from the oogonial branch by a cross wall and the o0go- nium has been formed.
The substance within the oogonium is at first entirely homo- geneous. After some time it may be noticed that oil drops are collecting at the periphery of the protoplasmic mass (figs. 7, 8, and 10). The protoplasmic mass then begins to divide, the divi- sion beginning at the center and traveling towards the periphery. At first a clear space appears in the center of the mass from which radial spaces gradually extend outward. The eggs when
90 MyCOLOGIA
first separated are roughly pyramidal in shape, their bases resting on the wall of the oogonium. Gradually the eggs become spher- ical and acquire a thick, hyaline membrane. When they first be- come spherical they show many oil globules situated on one side of the egg (fig. 10). These globules are at first only about 2u in diameter, but they gradually fuse until there are only two or three larger ones from 8 to I5m in diameter. Finally these globules fuse into a single one, which is about 16u in diameter, and situated at the periphery of the egg. The eggs are then ripe.
In old cultures an o0gonium would often sprout a new one, the old being emptied into the new (fig. 9). This process might be repeated several times and the eggs be formed finally in the ter- minal odgonium (fig. 8).
Occasionally two oogonia were produced upon one branch, or an antheridial filament was found coming from an oogonial branch.
UNIVERSITY OF NorTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, N. C.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII
Fig. 1. The tip of a main hypha showing the gnarled condition of the sec- ondary hyphae. XX 155.
Fig. 2. Main hypha showing sporangia and method of growth. X 155. Fig. 3. Spores encysted within the thin-walled sporangium. X 7o0.
Fig. 4. Spores falling apart, the basal ring remaining. ™X 700.
Fig. 5. Usually large basal cup with a few spores still remaining in it.
X 700.
Fig. 6. Oogonium containing fully ripe eggs. Empty antheridia attached to the wall of the o6gonium. X 700.
Fig. 7. Young odgonium with antheridium full of protoplasm. X 700.
Fig. 8. Showing double branching below the sporangia; antheridial branches; and new oogonia formed from old ones. XX 700,
Fig. 9. New oogonium forming from old one. X 7oo.
Fig. 10. Odgonium with young eggs and young antheridium. %X 700.
PLATE LXIII
MyYCOLOGIA
THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA (DE BARY) HUMPHREY
POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST
WILLIAM A. MurRRILL
The following list contains the species of pileate polypores and boletes collected by the writer on a recent tour of exploration through Washington, Oregon, and California. Mr. S. M. Zeller collected with me at Seattle and Tacoma; Professor L.S. Abrams assisted in exploring Preston’s Ravine and La Honda. The localities and dates of the collections are as follows:
1. Seattle, Washington; virgin coniferous forests, peat bogs, and pastures.
October 20o—November 1, r1o11.
2. Tacoma, Washington; virgin coniferous forests. ........ October 26, IgI1.
3. Tacoma Prairies, Washington; open barrens with clumps of young firs.
October 26, Ig1t.
. Glen Brook, Oregon; dense fir forests, 400-1000 ft. ..November 7, 1911.
. Mill City, Oregon ; virgin coniferous forest, 800-1200 ft.. November 9, 1911.
. Corvallis, Oregon; fir forests and mixed woods. ...November 6-11, 1911. . Newport, Oregon; virgin fir forest and sandy pine barrens.
November 13, 1911.
8. Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; dry groves and shaded
PPM ATIC Sum ere ite, eat ane Ae) Cacitlus: > eoeusie Ys shige 8a eee November 21, 1911.
9. Muir Woods, California; virgin forest of redwoods. ..November 22, 1911.
N Aon f
10. Preston’s Ravine, near Palo Alto, California; redwoods and mixed forest
POMUIOMEROOOlr TE UNges chao yas oteres tens san ataci site a ltushe ere. vial acaes November 25, I9QII. tr, La Honda, west slope of Santa Cruz Mountains, California; redwood
Ape ClOW Si LOOOT Leo Me. cieie we abies sue evade wlag als ee cere November 25, IgIt.
Dribe OE VC ORT AL
AURANTIPORELLUS ALBOLUTEUS (Ell. & Ev.) Murrill. Found growing from the side of a decorticated red fir log, the pilei consisting chiefly of large, irregular tubes, and presenting a very different appearance from the original specimens found by Crandall inside of hollow Abies trunks in Colorado. Sedile, 72.
BJERKANDERA ADUSTA (Willd.) Karst. Found only on large- leaved maple.
Seattle, 65, 74. 91
92 MycoLocia
CoLTRICIA PERENNIS (L.) Murrill. Quite common in dry, sandy places in woods. Seattle, 44; Tacoma, 68.
CoRIOLUS ABIETINUS (Dicks.) Quél. Common on dead coni- ferous trunks. No trace was found of C. prolificans, a near relative so abundant on deciduous wood in the eastern United States.
Seattle, 77; Glen Brook, 757.
CoRIOLUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Schw.) Murrill. Rarely seen, but abundant in places. Seattle, 46.
CoRIOLUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Quél. Common on oak and maple in Oregon and California. Not seen at Seattle. : Corvallis, 583; Newport, 1075; Preston’s Ravine, 1163; Muir
Woods, 1149.
Coriolus washingtonensis sp. nov.
Pileus small, dimidiate, sessile, laterally connate, slightly de- current behind, sometimes effuse, tough, flexible, milk-white throughout, becoming slightly yellowish above on drying, and grayish behind with age, projecting about 5 mm. from the sub- stratum, extending sometimes Io cm. along cracks in the bark, reaching 5 mm. in thickness behind; surface azonate, smooth, subglabrous, margin undulate or lobed, sterile, rather thick for the genus; context thin, soft, flexible; tubes 1-4 mm. long, corky, mouths regular, glistening, slightly angular, 2 to a mm., edges thin, entire; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3.5m.
Growing from crevices in the bark of a dead log of Thuya plicata. It somewhat resembles Coriolellus Sepiwm in shape, but the pilei are scarcely semi-resupinate, the tubes are regular, and the context is much more flexible.
Seattle stones
‘ISCHNODERMA FULIGINOSUM (Scop.) Murrill. Found once, ona decaying red fir log. Seattle, z02.
LAETIPORUS SPECIOSUS (Battar.) Murrill. Collected once, on an oak log, but not uncommon on the Coast. Macomas2:
$ 3 if
MurRRILL: PaciFic CoAst POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 93
PHAEOLUS SISTOTREMOIDES (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill. Common about coniferous stumps, springing from decaying roots. Seattle, 77; Muir Woods, 1137.
PoLypoRUS ELEGANS (Bull.) Fries. Common about Seattle on fallen alder branches. Seattle, 62, 86; Corvallis, $854.
Scutiger oregonensis sp. nov.
Pileus ascending, depressed behind, reniform, irregular, fleshy- tough, solitary, 15 cm. wide, 25 cm. long, 3 cm. thick behind; surface dry, dark-fulvous, uniformly and densely imbricate- floccose-scaly, the ends of the scales either slightly upturned or at an angle of 45°, margin concolorous, fertile, lobed or undulate, bay when bruised; context white, nutty, thin, fragile when fresh, with the odor of musty meal when dry; tubes white, tinged with sulfur-yellow when bruised, decurrent, mouths regular, thin- walled, 1 mm. in diameter, edges uneven, toothed; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 8-10 * 5; stipe eccentric, inflated, 7 cm. long, 8 cm. thick, irregular, watery-white to flavous, turning sulfur- yellow when bruised, resembling the pileus above at the point of attachment and not reticulate behind.
This large and handsome species was collected November 9, IQII, on a rocky bank among giant red firs to the north of Mill City, Oregon, at an elevation of 1,200 ft. Its nearest relative is Scutiger retipes, known only from Alabama, from which it differs in many important characters.
Mill City, Oregon, 847 (type).
Spongipellis sensibilis sp. nov.
Pileus flabelliform-conchate, narrowly attached, tough, very juicy, white throughout, changing color very quickly when bruised or on drying, about 3-4 cm. long, 6 cm. broad, and 1.5-2 cm. thick behind; surface spongy-tomentose, azonate, somewhat uneven, changing at once to melleous when bruised and at length to bay, margin entire, regular, very sensitive to handling, thin, scarcely deflexed on drying; context duplex, white, thick, azonate and friable when dry above, zonate and woody below, changing color like the surface when bruised; tubes about equalling the thickness of the context, small, at first very white and glistening, changing quickly to bay when bruised, mouths circular, even, slightly angular, friable and easily corroded on drying, 4-5 to a mm., edges very thin, long-toothed, becoming lacerate at times; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 XK 3 un.
‘
94 MyYcoLoGIA
This species was rather common about Seattle on fallen logs and branches of red fir in moist situations. At Glen Brook, Oregon, it was found on Abies. When touched, it turns at once to honey-yellow and later to bay, and some color approaching bay is usually assumed by all or a portion of the sporophore on dry- ing. Paper touching the fresh specimens is stained ferruginous and then bay.
Seattle, 43 (type), 54, 79, 91; Glen Brook, 797; Corvalligyger:
TyROMYCES CAESIUS (Schrad.) Murrill. On dead trunks of Abies grandis and other conifers.
Seattle, 70; 67.
Tyromyces carbonarius sp. nov.
Pileus quite irregular in shape, varying from flabelliform to broadly sessile and laterally elongate, juicy, tough, fragile when dry, 1 X 1.5-3 X 0.5-I cm.; surface tomentose to glabrous, un- even, white or hygrophanous, azonate, margin pale rose-tinted, rather thick, concolorous, narrowly sterile, undulate, rarely lobed ; context white, tough to fragile; tubes equalling the thickness of the context, white within, mouths normally rather regular, sub- circular, 4 to a mm., not glistening, edges white or pale rose- tinted, thin, sometimes irpiciform; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 1.5-2 p. 3
Collected on a burnt. red fir log. The tubes may be wery irregular at times, with long dissepiments, suggesting [rpiciporus. There is a faint roseate hue to the hymenium which is quite char- acteristic and rarely seen in species of this genus and its near relatives.
Seattle, 64 (type).
TYROMYCES CHIONEUS (Fries) Karst. Collected once, on an oak stump. Corvallis, 904.
Tyromyces cutifractus sp. nov.
Pileus usually broadly attached and laterally elongate, rarely flabelliform, slightly imbricate at times, 2-3.5 4-6 X 0.5-0.8 cm.; surface glabrous, white, often rough and unsightly because of the cracked and torn reddish-brown cuticle; context rather thick, firm, almost woody, but friable, milk-white; tubes slender, 2 or 3 times as long as the thickness of the context, white or
MurriLL: Pactric Coast POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 95
yellowish within and without, staining brownish when bruised, mouths glistening, small, quite regular, angular, edges entire, very thin; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 6 X 4 u.
Type collected on a much decayed fir log in a virgin forest at Newport, Oregon. Also collected on a maple log and on the base of a living trunk of Thuya at Seattle. This disregard of essen- tial differences between coniferous and deciduous wood is rather uncommon in fungi. The species is peculiar in having a brownish cuticle, gelatinous in appearance when wet, which breaks up as the pileus develops, leaving the surface very rough and unattractive in appearance, especially when plants are grow- ing in moist situations.
Seattle, 55, 99; Newport, 1064 (type).
Tyromyces perdelicatus sp. nov.
Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, varying with its position on the substratum, thin, fragile, milk-white throughout, 1-2 cm. broad; surface finely tomentose to glabrous, scarcely zonate, uneven, margin concolorous, thin, inflexed when dry; context very thin, white, fragile; tubes minute, glistening, mouths angular, subregular, edges very thin, slightly toothed, fragile; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 7 & 3 p.
This small, snow-white species was collected several times at Seattle on fallen dead branches of conifers, and it was also found common at Glen Brook. The type specimens grew on Tsuga heterophylla.
Seattle, 45, 47 (type), 51, 53; Glen Brook, 78o.
TyROMYCES GUTTULATUS (Peck) Murrill. Rare on coniferous stumps and logs. This species contains a bitter principle mi'dly resembling in taste the resin found in Fomes Laricis. meamle, 509; lacoma, 00.
Tyromyces Pseudotsugae sp. nov.
Pileus imbricate-sessile, flabelliform to semicircular, 2-3 x 2-3 X 0.3-I cm.; surface milk-white, subglabrous, azonate or with zones faintly outlined, margin thin, concolorous, narrowly sterile, entire to slightly lobed, inflexed when dry; context thin, white, fragile; tubes varying greatly in length, those behind often reaching nearly 1 cm., mouths large, irregular, edges thin, fragile, toothed, collapsing, white, becoming yellowish on drying; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3.5 p.
96 MycoLocIa
Collected on a dead log of Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Seattle, $4 (type).
TYROMYCES SEMIPILEATUS (Peck) Murrill. Common on fallen trunks and branches of alder and maple. Seattle 58, 67; Corvallis, 950; Muir Woods, 1129; Preston’s Ravine, 1183.
Tyromyces substipitatus sp. nov.
Pilei subcespitose, at times united above, irregularly sub- circular or flabelliform, depressed, milk-white throughout, 2-4 cm. broad, 2-3 cm. high, 2-3 mm. thick; surface glabrous, uneven, lightly marked with irregular, radiating, raised lines, margin thin, concolorous, sterile, undulate or slightly lobed, slightly blackening when bruised; context fleshy, fragile when dry, very thin; tubes small, regular, fragile, collapsing, edges thin, toothed ; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 4 * 2.54; stipe erect, lateral or subcentral, enlarging upward, reticulated on one side, owing to the undeveloped tubes, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.
On rich soil mixed with humus, but not attached to wood. The species is aberrant, partly on account of its habit of growing upward from the ground, and might be classed with the stipitate forms of the polypores. It is closely related, however, to Tyromyces semisupinus, and may as well be placed in that genus as in any other.
Seattle, 75 (type).
Tribe FOMITEAE
CRYPTOPORUS VOLVATUS (Peck) Shear. Frequent on dead coni- ferous trunks. Seattle, 80; Glen Brook, 792; Golden Gate Park, rro6.
ELFVINGIA MEGALOMA (Lév.) Murrill. Common and abundant in every locality visited, usually on oak logs and stumps. Seattle, 49; Tacoma, 94; Corvallis, roor, ro08; Muir Woods,
TLS LE.
FoMES ANNOSUS (Fries) Cooke. Found several times on logs and stumps of red fir. It is probably common on conifers but difficult to find because inconspicuous and often hidden. Seattle, 59, 93; Newport, 1089.
= a
MurRRILL: PaciFic CoAst POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 97
Fomes Laricis (Jacq.) Murrill. On fallen, much decayed logs of Abies grandis, about one-half way up from the base, at Tacoma; and growing from the center of the butt of an im- mense red fir log, at Mill City. Specimens from La Honda, collected by Crandall on a red fir stump, were examined at Stanford University. This species is more abundant in the far west than was formerly supposed.
Waconia, 05, 104; Mill City, $77.
FoMEs RosEus (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke. Very common on coni- ferous trunks, the sporophores sometimes reaching a foot in diameter.
Seattle, 60; Corvallis, 977; Newport, 1046.
FOMES UNGULATUS (Schaeff.) Sacc. So abundant everywhere on coniferous trunks that only one collection was made.
Seattle, 85.
PoRODAEDALEA Pini (Thore) Murrill. Frequently found on red fir, and doubtless occurring on other conifers. The specimens from Glen Brook grew on a living red fir trunk over six feet in diameter.
Scaule, 00; Glen Brook, 756; La Honda, 1208.
PYROPOLYPORUS IGNIARIUS (L.) Murrill. Common on trunks of living willows at Tacoma. Tacoma, 00.
Tribe AGARICEAE
GLOEOPHYLLUM HIRSUTUM (Schaeff.) Murrill. Found rarely, on dead conifers. Seattle, 50, Or.
LENZITES BETULINA (L.) Fries. Found once, on a dead oak limb ten feet from the ground. Preston’s Ravine, rré1.
Family BOLETACEAE Boletus Lakei Sp. nov.
Pileus convex, often becoming plane, gregarious or subcespi- tose, rarely solitary, 8-12 cm. broad; surface fulvous with latericeous tints, appearing testaceous, densely imbricate-floccose-
’
98 MycoLociIa
scaly, owing to the rupture of the cuticle; margin white, sterile, entire, involute when young; context sulfur-yellow, unchanging or turning slightly yellowish-green when cut, with pleasant odor and mild flavor; tubes large, decurrent, elongate near the stipe, flavous when young, dark dirty-flavous with a greenish tint when older, unchanging when bruised; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, yellowish-brown, 8.5—-I10.5 X 3.54; stipe subequal, 7X2 cm., flavous at the apex, then testaceous, then adorned with the ample, white, persistent, cottony annulus, and below this similar to the pileus in color and surface markings.
This species is similar to B. luteus and takes its place in the flora of the Pacific Coast; but the tubes are larger and the sur- face is floccose-scaly. At Corvallis it was very abundant in fir woods mixed with a few deciduous trees. It gives me pleasure to dedicate this handsome species to Professor E. R. Lake, of the Oregon Agricultural College, who some time ago sent me specimens for determination collected by him at Corvallis, No- vember 29, 1907. ‘This type collection was accompanied by notes and an excellent photograph.
Seattle, 773; Glen Brook, 781; Corvallis, 933, 999; La Honda, 1203.
CERIOMYCES COMMUNIs ( Bull.) Murrill. Common about Seattle, but rare in other localities. Several varieties were found.
Seattle, 107, 115; Mull City, 871; Newport, reé4; la Touda,
1205. Ceriomyces mirabilis sp. nov.
Pileus convex, spongy, solitary or gregarious, reaching 12 cm. in diameter; surface moist, bay, uniformily covered with con- spicuous, projecting, conic, floccose, persistent papillae, which give it somewhat the appearance of bread-fruit; margin project- ing like the eaves of a house, showing a yellow membrane 2-3 mm. wide; context citrinous, slowly changing to incarnate when bruised, very watery, drying with difficulty, tasteless; tubes large, greenish-yellow, uneven; spores fusiform, smooth, ochraceous- mellous, 19 X 7m; stipe very bulbous, solid, bay and streaked below, strongly reticulate and latericeous above, the apex colored like the tubes, 15 cm. long, 1.3 cm. thick above, 3.5 thick below.
This remarkable species was found several times in the vicinity of Seattle on the ground in woods. It is one of the most difficult
MurRRILL: PAcIFIC CoAST POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 99
species to preserve, owing to its extremely juicy consistency. It differs from nearly all other boleti in its floccose covering, which resembles that found on the surface of Boletellus Ananas and Strobilomyces strobilaceus, but the scales are more rigid and conic in shape. The collector may readily distinguish it from these two species by its bay color and the absence of a veil. Both of the other species mentioned possess a conspicuous veil, and the former is tan to brown with a pinkish tint, while the latter is dark-brown or black. Mr. Zeller has photographed this species for me, and Mrs. Murrill made a very accurate colored sketch of it. Seattle 106 (type), 108, 109.
Ceriomyces oregonensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex, firm, solitary, 12 cm. broad; surface bay, even, not viscid, short-tomentose to subglabrous, 12 cm. broad, margin entire or slightly lobed, scarcely projecting: context firm, white, unchanging, mild, odor not characteristic; tubes very large, 2-3 mm. in diameter, depressed and radially elongate about the stem, ventricose, flavous to dull greenish-yellow, melleous within, not changing when bruised; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, mel- leous, 10-12 4p; stipe larger below, solid, white within, glabrous, not reticulate, very pale bay, 6.5 cm. long, 2 cm. thick at the center.
This species was collected on the ground in sandy pine barrens on the immediate coast at Newport, Oregon. Although grow- ing in sand, the weather conditions were very humid.
Newport, 1039 (type).
CERIOMYCES viscipUS (L.) Murrill. Collected once, in sandy pine barrens. Very large, with bay-fulvous cap and rough, shaggy stem, flavous at the base.
Newport, 1099.
Ceriomyces Zelleri sp. nov.
Pileus convex, firm, gregarious to subcespitose, 7-9 cm. broad; surface dry, uneven, bay, covered with a delicate bloom which disappears with age; margin regular, concolorous, somewhat pro- jecting; context firm, cremeous, unchanging, drying easily, mild and slightly mucilaginous to the taste; tubes irregular, of medium size, pale-yellow to greenish-yellow, scarcely changing when
100 MycoLocia
bruised; spores fusiform, smooth, ochraceous, averaging 12 X 4.53 stipe bulbous, solid, red to purple, white or yellow at the base, more or less striate, furfuraceous, about 5 cm. long and Le Cite bhicke i | This species was very common about Seattle, on rather dry banks in woods. When fully mature, the bloom on the cap dis- appears and the color is so dark that the sporophore is difficult to see unless a glimpse of the yellow hymenium is obtained. Mr.
S. M. Zeller discovered the first specimens (No. 105), and I take ©
pleasure in dedicating the species to him. Mr. L. S. Abrams found a number of specimens when we collected together at La Honda.
Seattle, 105 (type), 110, 111; La Honda, 1299.
ROSTKOVITES GRANULATUS (L.) Karst. Common at Newport in pine barrens, where both light and dark forms were found. Tacoma Prairies, 174; Newport, 1073; Golden Gate Park,
Tee)
SUILLELLUS LuRIDUS (Schaeff.) Murrill. Common under oaks on the edge of a lake near Tacoma. The form is perfectly typical, with lurid cap and red-dotted stem. Some of the caps are rimose-areolate above, much resembling Ceriomyces communis.
Dacoma 172:
New York BOTANICAL GARDEN.
NEWS AND NOTES
A new tropical laboratory for botanical and zoological research is soon to be established at Mayaguez, Porto Rico, with Dr. F. L. Stevens as director.
F, Guéguen, in Comptes Rendus, suggests that certain bodies found on the hyphae of a new species of Mucor are organs for the elimination of metabolic products.
In Publication 1 of the Botanical Society of Western Penn- sylvania, D. R. Sumstine gives a list of eighty of the more con- spicuous fungi collected within the limits of Pittsburg.
—_—___
An article on nut diseases, by M. B. Waite (Proc. Am. Pomol. Soc. 182-190. I9QI1), treats several serious diseases of nut-bear- ing trees and suggests methods of control. Diseases of the pecan receive special attention.
od
Dr. P. Spaulding, of the division of Forest Pathology at Wash- ington, has published a bulletin dealing in a very thorough manner with the life history of Lenzites sepiaria and its effects on timber. Under preventive measures, he recommends season- ing, floating, and infiltration with poisonous chemicals.
——
Dr. C. H. Kauffman has published in the Thirteenth Report of the Michigan Academy of Science, 1911, some very useful keys to the common genera of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes. His list of unreported Michigan fungi is also continued as in previous years.
The leaf-spot of orchids (Hypodermium), which begins at the apex of the leaf and gradually works downward until the entire leaf is killed, may be checked, according to F. T. Brooks, by
101
102 MycoLociIa
sponging the leaves with a dilute solution of potassium per- manganate.
Mr. J. B. Rorer, mycologist of the Board of Agriculture, Trinidad, recently published an attractive illustrated annual report, treating several important tropical plant diseases and con- taining a preliminary list of Trinidad fungi, to which additions will be made from year to year.
——
An extremely handy volume by A. D. Selby on plant diseases, consisting of a general treatment, a special part on Ohio plant diseases, and a classified .bibliography, has just come to us as Bulletin 214 of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.
The commonest cause of the production of cancerous swellings known as “burs” on the trunks of rubber-trees (Hevea) in the Federated Malay States, according to Bancroft, is the wounding of the cortex by cart wheels and in other mechanical ways. Another cause seems to be the irritation from buds failing to develop into shoots. In this connection, the effect of insect work on the trunks of various trees might be investigated.
.
Professor J. C. Arthur and Dr. F. D. Kern spent ties tans: week in January at the Garden consulting the mycological herbarium and library, and reading the final proof sheets of their next contribution to the literature of plant rusts, shortly to appear as volume 7, part 3, of NorTH AMERICAN FLORA.
The meeting of the various scientific societies of the country at Washington during Christmas week was a notable one and well attended. The botanists had very full programs, as well as a dinner anda smoker, in which between one hundred and two hundred took part. The Garden was represented by Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. W. A.