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1139197

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

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AN ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY

OF

SPOKANE COUNTY

STATE or WAS1 HX'CiTQNL

REV. JONATHAN EDWARDS

7$. 70/ 5^o 6>e

W. H- LEVER. Publisher 1900

DEDICATED

1139197

TO THE

PIONEERS OF SPOKANE COUNTY

The Brave Men and Devoted Women

THOSE WHO HAVE GONE AND THOSE WHO REMAIN.

“2'et never a doubt , nay , never a fear Of old, or now, knew the pioneer.

TO THE FAILS.

How few the years since first they saw , Close planted by thy wave.

The mill-wheel with its whirling saw Whose echoes woke the glade.

The wild cascades that rushed to greet Columbia's calmer stream Then swept along with freer feet 'Heath endless boughs of green.

The Indian fished or made his camp Each babbling brook beside ,

And when the bright stars lit the.r lamp Wooed there his willing bride.

How all is changed. The engine files Like lightning o'er the rail ,

Tall marts of trade and steeples rise Where only sighed the gale.

"Spokane the wonderful" sits throned Beside the fettered stream.

Where once the savage freely roamed Her lighted factories gleam.

A diamond fair 'mid emeralds set She shines, the valley's gem .

Turning the tide her mill wheels wet To use of brainy men.

— Brewerton.

preface

“Hurrah for the men, and women, and all Who came to make the forests fall;

Hurrah for every pioneer Who built his humble cabin here;

Hurrah for the men of brawn and brain Who brought fair progress here to reign.’’

J. Miller.

“The pioneers, who have so long occupied the vanguard of civilization and who have been, all the time, on the skirmish or picket line in this march of progress, have completed their work as far as' this continent is concerned.”

The past, present and future are inseparable. The present is the fruit of the past and the seed of the future. It is an evidence of magnanimity of character to appreciate what past generations have bequeathed to us. To fail to acknowledge our obligation to the brave souls who lived to make the world better, and into whose labors we have entered, is gross ingratitude.

Among our most sacred duties is the endeavor to present in historical form the dar¬ ing deeds, mighty struggles, heroic efforts and untold sacrifices of the pioneers of our country. We all owe a debt of gratitude to the noble pioneers of Spokane county. They came with hearts prepared for perils and privations. They saw the country in its virgin state, and the stupendous works of nature as they came from the hands of God. To conquer the wilderness and the Indian, whom they found in almost all his native wild¬ ness, and make for themselves homes, and prepare the way for others, was the great task they undertook to do. “They came, they saw, they conquered.” The study of the records of the past prompts us to say “There were giants in those days,” and as we con¬ template upon their heroic deeds they excite our profound admiration. We would deem it a sin to fail to accord due recognition to the women, in whose unrecorded deeds we find the strongest evidences of courageous souls, nobility of character, an 1 unfailing devotion to God and duty. Without their courage, patience and fortitude, the Washington state and Spokane county of to-day would be impossible. 1 he traveler of to-day, enjoying the luxuries of a palace car and speeding ‘across the continent in four days, can hardly realize what it meant when it took six months, amid discomforts untold, to cover the same distance.

As we observe the waving grain, the trees laden with delicious fruit, and as we hear the hum of factories, the roar of blasting causing great upheavals, and as we view the busy market places, we can hardly imagine the conditions three decades ago. But we should bear in mind that the faithful ox team blazed the way for the palace car. and the axe of the frontiersman that felled the first trees to build the first log cabin prepared the way for the present palatial homes. 1 he pioneers laid the foundations for the present civilization.

I

PREFACE. v

They prepared the way for the thousands that have followed. Through their daring and enterprise there was ushered in a new era, which has brought joy and prosperity to many. It is our duty to call them blessed, and strive to perpetuate their memories by transmitting to future generations a record of their heroic deeds. This is what we desire and aim to do through this volume, wherein, according to our means and opportunity, we present the important events in the history of the county, — the beginning, development, and present condition of things. We have conscientiously avoided indulging in eulogistic references, especially to the living, because we do not believe that to be the province of the historian. We have endeavored to be thoroughly impartial in the amount of space given. The inequality in this respect is to be ascribed to the willingness or unwillingness of people to give the necessary information. Some people act as if they had a patent on their knowledge, on which they put a high price. To those who have cheerfully aided us by giving, orally or by letters, facts and information of importance, we desire to express our sincere gratitude. They are too numerous to mention by name. We have taken great pains to examine all the papers available. The perusal of the files of the Spokane Times, and the Northwest Tribune, through the courtesy of F. H. Cook and G. F. Schorr, was of great value to us. We desire also to acknowledge our special indebt¬ edness to the managers of the Spokesman-Review and the Chronicle, for access to their files, without which this compilation would be impossible. In the specials of those papers we have found a great amount of historical material. Indeed, they contain quite a com¬ plete record of events and of the progress of the county and city. We have also found the city directories especially useful, and have availed ourselves of the result of the investi¬ gations made by their compilers. The literature prepared by the Chamber of Commerce and that compiled by the city clerk, Colonel L. F. Boyd, have been utilized. We are under special obligation to the officers and committee of the Spokane Society of Pioneers. The committee listened patiently for many hours, on seven different evenings, to the reading of the manuscript and gave many suggestions that have added greatly to the value of the book.

To write a record of even three decades of the past is not as easy a task as the unin¬ itiated would suppose it to be, especially when it is to be remembered that much of the early records has been consumed by fire. When it comes to facts, dates, and initials, the memories of ordinary men and women are surprisingly deficient. For these and other reasons, such a work, entering so largely into the details connected with the beginning of things, can hardly be as accurate and full as the compiler would wish it to be.

AN ENDORSEMENT

We, the undersigned, after listening for several evenings to the reading of a large proportion of the manuscript containing the “History of Spokane County,” written bv Jonathan Edwards, bear testimony that it gives evidence of extensive reading and con¬ scientious research, and presents-to our best knowledge-an accurate, comprehensive and impartial record of events, and as such we endorse and commend it.

Albert E. Keats. \

I. C. Libby. ( Committee of

J. M. Grimmer. ) Ptoneer Association.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

Early History of Washington, or the Oregon Question.

The Struggle for Possession— Hudson’s Bay Company— Statesmen's Ideas— Joint Occupancy Treaty— British vs. American Claims— Treaty of 1846— Contention and Arbitration— Decision for United States

CHAPTER II.

Pioneer Missionaries.

Their Part in the Settlement of the Northwest— Visit of Nez Perce Indians to St. Louis— Indian's Farewell Speech— Rev. Jason Lee— Rev. Samuel Parker, the First Explorer: his Life, his Travels and Geo¬ logical Reports — Description of the Country .

CHAPTER III.

Other Explorers and Writers.

Journals of Lewis and Clark — Alexander Ross — Gabriel Franchere— Ross Cox — First Post on Spokane River .

CHAPTER IV.

Whitman Mission at Wai-il-at-pu.

Marcus Whitman — Sketch of Life— Journey to Oregon — Women in Company — Whitman’s Ride— Whit¬ man Massacre — Monument College .

CHAPTER V.

The Spokanes.

Natural Conflict Between White Man and Indian— Bancroft’s " Native Races ’’ — Ross Cox’s Description — Parker's Testimony — Native Races, Vol. I— Characteristics and Habits— Indian Honor and Honesty — Loyalty to Missionaries .

CHAPTER VI.

First Missionaries to the Spokanes.

Revs. Fells and Walker— Arrival at Tshim-a-ka-in— Labor for Ten Years— Walker’s Prairie— Sketch of Walker’s Life— First Boy Child Born in Eastern Washington— Sketch of Eells' Life— Tributes .

CHAPTER VII.

Missionary Work Among the Spokanes.

Beginnings at Walker’s Prairie— Occupations— Services— Attendance at Worship— School— Quotations from Father Eells— Severe Winter— Departure After Whitman Massacre— Work of Rev. Spalding— Rev. H. T. Cowley— Indian Preachers— Work of Miss Clark— Revs. Gow and Allen— Present Con¬ dition-Sketch of Chief Lot — Biography of Rev. H. H. Spalding .

Vlll

CONTEXTS.

CHAPTER VIII.

The Genesis of American History in Washington.

First American Settler North of Columbia River — Michael T. Simons — Settlement at Budd’s Inlet — Building at Fort Steilacoom — First City, Alki Point — Seattle Established — Division of Territory — Convention in its Favor — Convention at Monticello — Divided and Named Washington — Stevens Appointed Governor — Other Officers . 28

CHAPTER IX.

Settlement of Eastern Washington.

First Settler in Eastern Washington — Others in Walla Walla Valley — Walla Walla County Organized — Salmon River Gold Discovery — Great Rush of Population to Eastern Washington — Lewiston, Idaho, Laid Out — Stevens County Created — Idaho Organized . 30

CHAPTER X.

Indian Wars.

Apprehension of Indians as Whites Increased — Cayuse War — Execution of Five Indians — Indians Return— Animosity Toward Whites— Council Held by Governor Stevens— War Breaks Out— Colonel Steptoe’s Expedition— Fight at Steptoe Butte — Retreat of Soldiers — General Clark’s Conference — Colonel Wright’s Expedition to Spokane Country — Fort Taylor— Battle of Four Lakes— Description by Lieutenant Kip — Retreat of Indians — Troops Advance to Spokane — Battle of Spokane Plains— Chief Gearry — Defeat of Indians . 31

CHAPTER XI.

The Inland Empire.

Inland Empire — Its Extent, Surface, Beauty — “Paradise of Sportsmen ’’—Resources — Mining Districts — Coeur d’ Alenes — Kootenai — Slocan — Grand Forks — Okanogan and Others— Spokane, the Center — Mines in All Directions . 38

CHAPTER XII.

Spokane Country.

How to Spell Spokane— The Spokane Section— The Spokane River— Investigations of Lieut. T. H. Symons . „ . 41

CHAPTER XIII.

Spokane County.

Organization of County— Description of Boundaries— Officers Elected— County Seat at Spokane Falls- Description of County, Extent, Beauty, Resources, Fruitfulness, Climate . . 44

CHAPTER XIV.

Spokane City — From First White Settlers to 1880.

Natural Congregating in Cities— Situation of Spokane— First White Settlers— First Orchard— Pioneers— Beginnings of Buildings— School District— School Building— Havermale’s Visit— First Grist Mill—

Nez Perce Outbreak— Sherman's Visit— First Hotel— First Paper— First Bank- County Created— County Seat at Spokane Falls . 47

CHAPTER XV.

Spokane City, Continued— 1880 to 189.1.

County Seat Contest— Cheney— Completion of Northern Pacific Railroad— Second Paper, the Chronicle- Church Buildings— First Brick Block— Catholic Buildings— Incorporation of City- Election of Officers Second Flour Mill — Second Election — First Fire— Review Founded — Placer Discovery in Cuur d' Alenes— First Newspaper Write-up— Daily Paper— Water System— First Branch Railroad— Mining Developments— First County Fair— Growth— Great Fire— Loss— After the Fire . 55

CONTEXTS.

IX

CHAPTER XVI.

Spokane City, Continued — 1890 to 1900.

Year Following the Fire — Building Year — Railroads — Car Lines— Statehood — Marvelous Growth— North¬ western Industrial Exposition — Steady Growth —Monroe Street Bridge — Other Improvements — Great Northern Railroad Completed — Business Depression— City Hall — Court House — Northern Pacific Shops— First Paved Street— Washington Volunteers — Spokane of To-day .

CHAPTER XVII.

City Government.

Incorporation— Amendment— Present Charter— Elections and Officers— Departments: Police, Water, Fire, Board of Health — Spokane’s Climatic Features .

CHAPTER XVIII.

Spokane as a Commercial Center.

Manufacture*, Wholesale and .Jobbing, Railroads. — Union Iron Works — National Iron Works Spokane Iron Works— Spokane Foundry— Spokane Marble Works— Washington Monumental Works— Northern Pacific Shops— Water Power— Edison Electric Illuminating Co.— Washington W’ater Power Co. Factories and Mill*.— King Sash, Door & Lumber Co.; Holland-Horr Mill Co.; Ashenfelter Mill Co.; Spokane & Idaho Lumber Co.; Northwestern Manufacturing Co.; Central Planing Mill; Saw- Mill Phoenix; Childs Lumber & Manufacturing Co.; J. F. Sexton & Co.; Star Shingle Co. ; Central Shingle Co.; Spokane Coffin Factory; Spokane Broom Factory; G. Meese & Co.; W ashington Broom Co.; Centennial Mills; C. & C. Mills; The Echo; Campbell Candy Co.; Spokane Mattress Co.; Spokane Soap Works; Simpson & Co. Soap Works; Galland-Burke Brewing Co.; New York Brewery; New York Bottling Works; Washington Cracker Co.; Washington Brick, Lime & Manufacturing Co.; Washington Carriage Works; Diamond Carriage Works; Spokane Ice Company; Inland Telephone Co.; Telegraph Co.; Gas Company; Street Railway. Laundries.— Spokane, Cascade, Washington and Model. Brick Yards.— City Street Improvement Co.; Alcatraz Asphalt Paving Co. Railroads Center in. Spokane. — Surveying for Transcontinental Railroad by Governor Stevens; Incorporate Northern Pacific Company; Charter; Failure of Jay Cook; First Overland Train; Northern Pacific the Pioneer Road of Spokane; Five Transcontinental Roads; Branch Railroads; Mullan Road. 'Wholesale and Jobbing.— H. J. Shinn & Co.; Charles Uhden; Hammond Packing Co.; H. J. Stimmel & Co.; Swift & Co.; Julius Lund & Co.; Boothe-Powell Co.; J. R. Clifford Co.; Ryan & Newton Co ; The Emporium; The Palace; Spokane Dry Goods Co.; Whitehouse Co.; Nor hwestern Improvement Co.; D. Holzman & Co.; Spokane Drug Co.; M. Seller & Co.; J. W. Graham & Co.; Shaw & Borden Co.; Holley. Mason, Marks & Co. Agricultural Implement * and Machinery. — Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co.; L nion W arehouse, J. I. Case Threshing Machine Co. Important Firms— Griffith Heating & Plumbing Co.; Arnold, Evans & Co.; Spokane Hardware Co.; Jensen-King-Byrd Co.; McCowan Bros.; McCabe, Johnson Co.; Tull & Gibbs; H. M. Herrin & Co.; Spokane Paper Co.; Baum & Co. Book and Job Printers — The W . D. Knight Co.; The Wright-Greenburg Co.; Union Printing Co ; J. R. Lambly; Winship Quick Print. Banks.— Post Office.— Board of Trade.— Chamber of Commerce .

CHAPTER XIX.

Spokane County Public Schools.

Educational Progress-First School District-Report of County Superintendent of Schools of Stevens County-First Spokane County School Superintendent-J. J. Browne-Successive Supermtendents- Maggie M. Windsor— Early Experiences, A. J. Stevens, A. J Warren, Lizzie (Haleman) Foraker, N rs. \V C (McMahon) Jones, I. C. Libby— Spokane County Teachers' Association— W. B. Turner— Z. Stewart-School Officers’ Convention-V. H. Hopson-Elmer Drake - Inland Empire Teachers’ Asso¬ ciation-Present Districts— Annual Report .

CHAPTER XX.

The Public Schools of Spokane.

Organization of District-First School-First Public Building-Second Public School Building-Earliest Records and Teachers-Principals Prather, Turner, Heaton-Super, ntendent W olverton-Rap.d Growth-Corruption and Turmoil-Superintendent Bemiss-Reorganization-New Buildmgs-The

X

CONTENTS.

High School— Conchology— Manual Training— Scientific Society— Comparative Statistics— Normal Training School— Kindergarten— School Libraries— Superintendent Saylor .

CHAPTER XXI.

History of the Catholic Church.

Introductory. — Missions of the Catholic Church in America.

Part 1. — The Catholic Church in Its Spiritual Work.

Rev. F. N. Blanchet, Rev. Modest Demers, Early Missionaries in this Country— The Story of the Indian and White in the Northwest, by Rev. L. B. Palladino-Father DeSmet's Journey to the Flatheads- His Labors Among the Western Indians— The Old Mission at Cceur d’ Alene- Description of Indians— The Colville Mission— Father Ravalli, Father DeVoes and St. Paul Mission— Rev J M Cataldo Appointed Missionary to the Spokanes-The First Catholic Chapel in Spokane Countv-Father Joseph Bandini Beginning of Catholic Work in Spokane City-Laying the Foundation for' Gonzaga College-Father Ruellan, First Resident Priest for Spokane Falls-Rev. Emile Kanten-Father Rebmann— Father Jaquet— First Building.

Part 2 —The Catholic Church in Her Educational Work.

History of Gonzaga College-Rev. J. Rebmann-St. Ignatius School-The School and Academy of the Sisters of the Holy Names— Building Erected— Sacred Heart School— Father Held.

Part 3. — Charitable Institutions.

Sacred Heart Hospital, Its History and Work— Training Girls for Nurses-St. Joseph’s Orphanage Its Origin and History-Sisters of St. Francis -Erecting a Building-The Orphanage Formally Blessed- Illustrations of Work of Relief— The New Building . '

CHAPTER XXII.

History of the Protestant Churches in Spokane County.

Advenust— Bapust — Christian — Congregational — Evangelical Association — Methodist Episcopal — Methodist Fpiscopal, South— Methodist Episcopal, African-Lutheran— Presbyterian-Protestant Episcopal Unitarian United Brethren-Un.ted Presbyterian-Universalist-Christian Science .

CHAPTER XXIII.

Other Religious and Moral Organizations of the County

Young Men’s Christian Association— Bible Society— Good tion Army — Sunday Schools — Preachers’ Association Temperance L’nion — Anti-Saloon League .

Templars — Home Finding Association — Salva- V olunteers of America — Woman’s Christian . 182

CHAPTER XXIV.

Women’s Organizations.

Ladies’ Matinee Musicale- Daughters of the Revolution-Wednesday Afternoon Literarv Club-Ross T™enlleth Century Club-National Society of the Daughters of the Revolution-Sorosis-Cultus Club-Floral Assoc, ation-Amethyst Club-Spokane Kindergarten Association-Red Cross-Art League— Crocker Kindergarten .

CHAPTER XXV.

The Spokane Press.

Influence of the Press-Spokane Times, First Paper-The Review, Daily-The Spokesman-Spokane Globe-Da, ly Tnbune-List of Papers Published, but Discontinued -Northwest Tribune-Present Publications Freeman Labor Journal-New West Trade-Washington Spokane Post The Out- burst-Spokane Facts-Sunday Morning Call-Mining-Western Home Journal -Pastor’s Vis.t- Spokane Deaconess— Home P inder— Spokesman Review Quarterly— Northern Newspaper Union-

191

201

CONTEXTS.

xi

CHAPTER XXVI.

Fraternal Organizations.

Masons— Odd Fellows — Elks— Knights of Pythias— Independent Order of Foresters— Sedgwick Post — l’ioneer Relief Corps — J. L. Reno Relief Corps — Sedgwick Relief Corps — Sons of Veterans, John A. Logan Camp— Daughters of Veterans— Knights of the Maccabees— Ladies of the Maccabees— Im¬ proved Order of Red Men: Spokane Tribe: League— Woodmen of the World — Modern Woodmen of America, Excelsior Camp; Good Will Camp— Fraternal Order of Eagles— Royal Arcanum — Sons of Herman — Daughters of Herman— Ancient Order of Hibernians— United Commercial Travelers — Home Forum — Order of Pendo: Spokane Council; Cascade Council — Order of Chosen Friends — National Union — United Orderof the Golden Cross — Fraternal Union of America — Imperial Knights - Knights and Ladies of Security — Grand United Order of Odd Fellows— Knights of Khorassan . 208

CHAPTER XXVII.

Trades Unions and Labor Organizations.

Trades Council — The Building Laborers’ Union — Building Trades Council— Plasterers’ Union — Barbers’ Union — Bricklayers’ LTnion — Printers’ Union — Carpenters’ Union— Retail Clerks’ Association — Plumbers’ Union — Teamsters’ Union — Cigarmakers’ Union — Lathers and Shinglers’ Union — Elec¬ trical Workers’ Union — Brotherhoods of Locomotive Engineers, Firemen, Trainmen — Order of Jour¬ neymen Builders— Cooks and Waiters’ Union — Journeymen Stone-Cutters’ Association — Journeymen Tailors’ Protective Union — Knights of Labor — Order of Railroad Conductors — Painters and Paper- hangers’ Association— Business Men's Protective Association . 240

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Philanthropic and Other Organizations.

Ladies' Benevolent Society — Woman’s Exchange — Rescue Home — Salvation Army Home — Horticultural Society — Humane Society— Ladies’ Catholic Benevolent Society — Lidgerwood Ladies’ Aid — St. Vincent de Paul Society — Spokane Horticultural Society — Social Societies and Clubs— Gonzaga Athletic Asso¬ ciation — Gonzaga Dramatic Association— Northern Pacific Club — Spokane Amateur Athletic Associa¬ tion— Spokane Chess and Checker Club — Spokane Country Club — Spokane Press Club — Spokane Rod and Gun Club . 244

CHAPTER XXIX.

Miscellaneous Organizations and Institutions.

City Library— Society of Pioneers— Musical Institutions — Spokane Conservatory of Music — Northwestern Conservatory— Spokane Musical College— Spokane County Medical Society— Spokane Homeopathic Society— The Legal Profession— Spokane Opera and Theater— Army Post— Government Offices— The Molusca of Spokane— Agricultural Societies— The Fair or Industrial Pixposition— City Parks— Institu¬ tions of Learning— Universities— Classical and Business Colleges— Cemeteries— Woman Suffrage . 247

CHAPTER XXX.

Towns and Settlements.

Medical Lake— Cheney- -Rockford— Fairfield— Latah— Deer Park— Marshall— Hillyard —Mead —Deep Creek— Chattaroy— Milan— Wayside and Wild Rose— Darts Mill, or Dartford— Trent— Orchard Prairie —Pleasant Prairie — Spangle — Waverly — Plaza — Stevens — Mica . 268

CHAPTER XXXI.

Political History of Spokane County.

First County Election — Contest for County Seat — Majority for Cheney County Officers in 1880, in 1882 Election of 1884, and Officers— Officers for 1886— Change of County Seat to Spokane Falls— County Officers, 1887-8— Constitutional Convention— Spokane Members— County Officers, 1889, 1890, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1900-First Recorded Marriage License . 28£

Xll

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Pioneer Reminiscences.

Pioneer Life— The Conquering Editor— An Embarassed Official— The Glorious Fourth of 1879— Election Joke— Field Day— A Disappointment— Pioneer Merchants— Autobiography of Rev. H. J. Stratton — When Spokane was a Lonely Little Village— Roller Skating at Cheney— Editor Dallam— Hank Vaughn in Town— Joy’s Opera House— A Pioneer Sketch— 'Squire Jones— Convinced— Original Names of Lakes .

ILLUSTRATION

Map of Spokane County .

Indian Presbyterian Church, Spokane Reservation .

Indian School at Spokane Reservation .

The Oldest Spokane Indians on Spokane Reservation in 189S.

Spokanes .

Indian Home on Spokane Reservation .

Tshmakain Mission Ground .

Oldest Apple Tree in Spokane County .

La Prey Bridge ot To-day .

Frontier Ranch in Spokane County . .

Prairie School House in Spokane County .

County Court House, Spokane .

Traders' Bank Corner, Spokane, in Early Days .

Spokane Falls . .

City Hall, Spokane . .

Above the Falls, Spokane River .

Views of Medical Lake .

State Normal School, Cheney .

View of Farm of Herman Linke .

PAGE.

Frontispiece.

. 12

. 12

. 12

. 12

. 12

. 20

. 41

. 41

. . 41

. 41/

. 44

. 50

. 54

. 64

. 76

. 268

. 274

. 636

PORTRAIT INDEX

A

Abel, J. F. C .

Adams, H. H .

B.

Baker, N. M .

Bentley, M. S .

Bertrand, Eugene .

Boehrig, C. F .

Boyd, G. W .

Boyd, L. F .

Bracht, Frank .

Bradley, A. L .

Brischle, Benedict .

Brischle, Mrs. Benedict

Brooke, G. S .

Brown, A. T .

Browne, J. J .

C.

Campbell, J. P .

Canfield, A. E .

Cannon, A. M .

Chief Joseph .

Christensen, M. H .

Clarke, R. E. . .

Comstock, J. M .

Connolly, William....

Coplen, A. D .

Cowgill, R. P .

Cowgill, Mrs. R. P _

Crisler, J. A .

Crisler, Mrs. J. A .

Cunningham, J. C .

D.

Daily, F.lkanah . . . Davidson, A. E . . .

Davie, J. T .

Davis, C. M .

Dempsey, C. C -

Desgranges, Peter

Doak, F .

Dunning, C. B -

PAGE

F.

. . 488 Faulkner, J. D . . 536 French, Henry. Fritter, W. C. .

488 360 488 600 552 568 248 264 6 1 6 616 120 456 88

568

600

80

17

424

568

152

344

360

616

616

584

584

456

G.

Galbraith, E. P .

Gemmill, L. C .

Gemmrig, Richard. . . .

Gilbert, Phineas .

Glover, J X .

Goodner, J. B .

Griffith, J. H .

Grimmer, J. M ......

H.

Haase, Ferdinand _

Hahn, F. C .

Hartson, M. T .

Havermale, S. G .

Havermale, Mrs. S. G

Hays, James .

Heise, C. J. T .

Henry, W. A .

Herman, Axel .

Hill, C. E .

Holley, J. B .

Hollis, J. T .

Hopper, A. D .

Hosford, A. A .

Howell, Gideon .

Hughes, G. H .

Hughes, J. H .

Hutchinson, R. A. . .

712

568

464

648

724

584

648

456

J-

Johnson, Frank

K.

Keenan, J. M. Kennan, H. L

L.

E.

Edwards, Jonathan. Eickmeyer, Andrew Erickson, Peter .

248

648

464

Labrie, J. D .

Lee, L. F .

Lefevre, Andrew Lewis, W. A. . . . Libby, G. W -

PAGE :

488

520

448

520 496 520 552 328 6i )0 456 232

. ... 724 . ... 680 . ... 216 . ... lt»4 .... 104 .... 344 .... 360

_ 600

.... 724 .... 320 .... 472 .... 344 . . . 296

.... 552 .... 488 .... 456 .... 504 .... 406

200

712

568

712

360

712

184

312

PAGE

Linke, Herman (view of farm) . 636

Linke, Walter . 600

Linke, Mrs. Walter . 600

Loy, C. A . 496

M.

MacLeod. A. F . 488

Manier, R. H . 264

Marks. J. H . 432

Marston, F..G . 616

Marston, Mrs. E. G . 616

Mason, Darius . 456

Masterson, J. R . 648

Mayer, John . 648

McCoy. M. 0 . 664

McGee, L. E . 448

McKernan, W. H . 248

McNeill, X. E . 552

Melville, J. I . 264

Merriam, C. H . 464

Merriam, C. K . 464

Merriam, L. B . 464

Merriman, A. M . 464

Merriman, Mrs. J. A. C . 464

Morrison, F. . 264

Morton, E. F . 600

Myers, A. H . 568

N.

Nagel, Christian .

; Nagel, F rederick .

Xicholls, W. A .

Nixon, Michael .

O.

1 Oliver, D. K .

Olmsted, E. D .

Olson, Peter .

O'Neill, F. P .

O'Neill, Mrs. F. P -

Osborne, J. W .

P.

Patterson. R. B .

j Piper. J. J .

Prather, L H .

Pratt, W. G .

Pratt, Mrs. W. G .

Prescott, D. S .

Prescott. F. L .

Preusse, H .

552

552

448

440

448

98

496

392

392

488

616

648

136

264

264

360

360

360

XIV

INDEX.

R.	PAGE
Raub, Andrew .
Rensch, Adolph .
Richardson, W. E
Rien, G. E . . . .
Rosselow, Augustus .
S.
Scott, R. B .
Smith, A. A .
Sondgerath, Peter. .
Spath, J. L . . .
Stauffer, W. E. .
Stocker, G. W. . . .
Stutz, J. C. . . .

Thayer, A. D . 344

Thompson, C. H . . 448

Thompson, E. C . 568

Tormey, J. E . 724

V.

Valentine, W. U . 280

Vess, D. M . 584

W.

Webster. E. J . 48$

Wells, S. A . . 632

PAGE

Westfall, L. L . 456

Wetzel, John . 248

V hearty, Richard . ’ 648

Whearty, Mrs. Richard . 648

Wheatley, J. W . 400

Wieser, Adam . 552

Williams, Robert . 264

Worthington, Irving . ’ ’ 448

Y.

Yount, R. M . 616

Z.

Zittel.J. A . 360

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

PAGE A. Abel, J. F. C . 412 Abernethy, Robert . 623	PAGE Beard, J. M . 518 Beard, T. J . 679 Bell, H. C . 365 Bell, H. D . 544	PAGE Brockman, H. H . 340 Brockman, J. H . 653 Brooke, G. S . 657
Adams. H. H . 341	Belt, H. N . 383	Brosnahan J D
Alexander, S. L . 568 Bemiss, David . 682	Brown. Abel . . . mo
Allen, Albert . 709 Bennett, W. 1 . 358 Allen. Allison . 59a Benson, W. D . 439	Brown, A. T . 423
Allen, J. S . 323	Bentley, M. S . 379 Berg, F. O . 585	Brown. G. W.. ^ 1 ^
Allison, G. S . 391	Brown, G. M 198
Allyn, M. S . 604 Andersen, Christian . 429 Anderson, A. E . 606	Berridge, James . 495 Bertonneau, L. L . 425 Bertrand, Eugene . 679	Brown, Henry . 034 Brown, H. T . 668 Brown. J. H. . . . 300
Anderson, Andrew . 407 Anderson, C. N . 570	j Bessey, J. W . 508 Betz, J. H . 359	Brown, J. J . 431 Brown, R C 581
Anderson, John . 310 Anderson, Lewis . 602	Bigham, John . 424 Binkley, J. W . 387	Brown, Thomas . 590 Brown, W R . 137
Anderson, Nils . 4Q7	Bishop, C. H . 455	Browne. T. 1 mo
Anderson, W. H . 588 Ansell,A. G . 417	Bishop, W. A . 605 Blake, R. B . 448	Bryan, George . 666 Buchanan, J F) 399
Armour, Stuart . 637 Armstrong, J. M . 450 Arthur, S. T . 363 B. Backus, C. F . 58n	Blakley, John . 663 Blalock, J. B . 405 Bloomer, Charles . 721 Bocion, Paul . 538	Buchholz, J. S . 004 Buchholz, Paul . 458 Buck, Norman . 415 Butrhee. A H
Boehrig, C. F . 716 Bogardus, R. L . 613 Boston, Henry . 569	Bunn, J. M . 658 Burbank, H. H . 358 Burbank, J. E . 545
	Botham, Thomas . 554	Burch, G. \V . 318
Bailey, M. E . 508 Baker, N. M . 716 Baldwin, Alexander . 519	Bower, E. J . 591 Boyd, G. W . 484 Boyd, J. H . ’ 314 Bovd.J.W . 319	Burchett, Henry . 450 tturk, D. J . 526 Burrows. Elbert . 557 Burton, E. E . as*}
i jcii linger, 1. j . ,;fc>4 Bankson. Cvrus . .047 Barker. I F ZQn	Boyd, L. F . 420 Boyd, W. 1 . 451 Bracht, Frank . 400 Bradley, A. L . 557 Braman, Albert . 073	Butler, James . 356 Butler, J. N . 578
Barker, Jesse . 629 Barnes, A. E . 504	Butler, Julian . 560 Butler, J. W . 539
Barney, M. G . 652 Barnum. P. S . S7n	Brandt, A. M . 556 Breed, C. H . 662 Brischle, Benedict . 503 Brockman, B. D . 722 Brockman. G.H . 4.r?	Bvington, W. W . 480
Barth, C. F . 447 Bartholomew, W. R . 584 Bartelt, John . 596 1	C. Campbell, A. B . 639 Campbell, A. D . 461

INDEX.

xv

Campbell, A. M .

Campbell, J. F .

Campbell, J. P .

Canfield, A. E .

Carey, A. S .

Carpenter, G. S .

Carson, C. W .

Carson, E. W .

Carter, S. B. .

Catterson, T. L .

Caudle, W. M .

Chamberlin, C. P .

Charlton, J. W .

Childs, E. R .

Christensen, M. H .

Clark, A. K .

Clarke, C. W .

Clarke, R. E .

Clarke, R. L .

Clough, C. F .

Cockrell, H. N .

Coev, C. P .

Cogswell, Morton .

Cole, C. A. .

Coleman, T. B. S .

Collin, G. H .

Comstock, J. M .

Congleton, J. F .

Conlan, T. F .

Connolly, William .

Connor, E. O .

Cook, F. H .

Cook, H. J .

Coplen, A. D .

Coplen, B. F .

Corley, Henry .

Cornthwait, I. M .

Cory, W. A .

Coverly, James .

Covert, Augustus .

Covington, J. M .

Cowgill, J. C .

G.wgill, R. P .

Cowley, M. M .

Crane, G. T .

Crewdson, J. T .

Crisler, J. A .

Critzer, William .

Crow, Samuel .

Crowder, A. S .

Culver, A. R .

Cunningham, J. C .

Curry, A. P .

D.

Daily, Elkanah..

Daley, J. J .

Dallam, F.W...

Daniels, J. E -

Darby, G. E Darknell, G. W. Darknell, W. H.

Darling, D. A _

Dart, G. P .

Dart, H. W .

Dashiell, B. F. . . Dashiell, F. A. . . Davenport, J. C. Davenport, L. M Davidson, A. E. Davie, J.T .

PAGE |

480 832 404 419 470 060 377 453 521 700 553 404 041 410 312 555 364 302 380 308 i

. . . . OOH

.... 0731 .... 406 . . . . 544 .... 496 .... 402 I .... 519 . ... 483 . . . . 607 I .... 684 .... 493, . . . . 360 | .... 719 .... 335 .... 543 .... 617 | . . . '>87 .... 473 .... 332 .... 342 .... 529 .... 525 .... 390 .... 644

589

694

518

424

611

546

469

366

533

620

464

386

311

559

576

434

454

516

552

593

689

440

417

624

PAGE

Davies, S. W . 451 I

Davies, William . 654

Davis, C M . 521

Day, O. E. . 350

Day, W. M . 505

Dtmert, L. G . 458

Dempsey, C. C . 437

Dempsie, Ephraim . 470

Denman, Monroe . 600

Dennen.O. H . 327

Dennis, G. B. . 487

Denny, P. D . 702

Desgranges, George . 345

Desgranges, H. W . 405

Desgranges, Peter . 557

Dimmick.J.W . 433

Dimmick, Samuel . 434

Dinges, Samuel . 527

Dishman, Chanson . 522

Doak, K . 495

Doerr, Rudolph . 703

Donaldson, W E . 6"1

Doughten, C. H . . 471

Doust, W. J . 585

Drain, J. A . 402

Drake, E. E . 664

Drake, Elmer . 396

Dufresne, Edmond . 393

Dunlop, J. A . 671

Dunlop. W. F . 650

Dunn, D. B . 468

Dunning, C. B . 725

Dunning, J. W . 633

Durgin, I). C . 527

Dwight, D. H . 646

Dwyer, W. J . 322

Dyer, J.G . 702

E.

Eakin, D. F . 316

Edes, W. H . 456

Edwards, A. C . 378

Edwards. Jonathan . 409

E ckmeyer, Andrew . 510

Ellinger, John . 561

Elliott, J. R . 524

Ellis, A. E . 675

Ellsworth, F. M . 432

Ellsworth, W. H . 522

F.ngiebart, H. D . 478

Enloe, Eugene . 605

Ensley, G. W . 549

Erickson, Peter . 623

F.rvine, D. H . 516

Erwin, Isaac . 521

Erwin, Joseph . 636

Esch, Jacob . 499

Eslick, S. A . 640

Espe, Ole . 496

Everson, G. T . 547

Ewart, Robert . 700

F.

Farnsworth, D. C . 346

Farnsworth, G. W . 352

Fassett, C. M . 426

Faulkner, J. D . 536

Feighan, J. W . 490

Fellowes, F.J . 372

Fellows, F. P . 328

Fellows, G. A . 540

PAGE

Fender, H. S . 509

Fennen, Henry . 505

Findley, C. T . 543

Fisher, John . £92

Fitzpatrick, J. M . 411

Flaig, F. J . 338

Foster, J. W . 455

Fotheringham, D. B . 599

France, Walter . 413

Franzen, Jens . 067

French, Henry . 310

Frick, C. W . 660

Friedman, S. H . 685

Friedlein, Adolph . 647

Fritter, W. C.. .' . 531

Frodsham, John . 343

G.

Galbraith, E. P . 401

Gallaher, J. M . 346

Gandy, J. E . 366

Gardner, I. S . 504

Gardner, T. E . 705

Gardner, William . 551

Garner, John . 570

Gemmill, L. C . 364

Gemmrig, Richard . 654

Gerlach, J. J . 493

Germond, H. A . 721

Gilbert, J. B . 347

Gilbert, Phineas . 436

Gilman, J. A . 621

Gimble, C. A . 538

Gimble, E. E . 551

Glasgow, Alexander . 340

Glasgow, James . 720

Glasgow, Samuel . 382

Gleeson, J. M . 630

Glover, G. W . : . 526

Glover, J N . 360

Glover, J.W . 707

Goddard, N. A . 459

Goodner, J. B . 502

Gookin, Brower . 712

Gordon, B. L . 622

Goss, T. C . 600

Graham, B. 0 . 408

Graham, C.Y . 351

Graham, V. Y . 334

Graves, E. F . 680

Grave , F. H . 442

Graves, J. P . 442

Green, Samuel . 711

Greenberg, H. W . 382

Greenlee, David . 672

Gregg, A. H . 705

Greiner, J. H . 365

Grier, Thomas . 547

Griffith, J. H . 428

Griffith, W. K . 544

Grimmer, J. M . 560

Grove, C. E . 722

Grover, J. K . 645

Grubbe, W. P . 689

Guenther, Theodore . 527

Guyer, W.T . 507

H.

Haase, Ferdinand . 388

Hahn, F. C . 565

INDEX.

PAGE Hair, N. C . 694	PAGE	PAGE Langan, James . 594 Larson, Andrew . 687 LaShaw, Alexus . 558 Latham, Mary A . 394 Latimer, G. A . 532
Hale, A. F . 4^7
Hall, D. L . 584 Hall, W. L . 648	Hughes, John . 534 Hull. N R R7H
Hammond, T. W . 554 Hand, E. VV . r,99	Humes, J. E . 696
Hannah, W. P. . . 404 Hanson, Jacob . 554	Hunter, W. H . ’ . 466 Hurliman, Frank . 709	Lavigne, F. C . 380 Lee. L. F 5 '49
Hardman, Montgomery . 586	Hutchins, William . 511
Hargrove, James . 719 Harlow, J. L . 620 Harper, Isaac . 594 Harrington, F. W... K14	Hutchinson, R. A . 894 Hyde, E. B . *61 Hyde, E. J . 616 H vde. R. C . . . . 474	Lehman, David . 593 Leigh, Nathan . 319 Leigh, W. E . 627 Leonard, G. H . 386 Lesher, A. F . 545 Lewis, L. L . 606 Lewis, W. A . 367 Libby, G. W . 415 Libbv. I. C . 4A7
Harris, S. M . 99Q	Hyde, S. C . 489 I. Ianson, A. J . 341
Harris, J. A . 621 Harrison, E. P _ E99 Harrison, F. L . . . axq Hartson, M. T. . . . hq Hashagen, Henrv . 790 Havermale, S. G . 999 Hays, lames . 949 Hayward, H. C . 019 Heale, R. J . V.'.' 552 Hearn, John . rqa
Ide, C. W . 492 Inbody, J. J . 691 J- Jackson. Andrew . 355	Lincoln, D. H . 591 Lindsley, J. B . 613 Link .Herman . 636 Linke, Walter . 698 Lipschuetz, 1 . 485
Heath, Sylvester . 979
Heaton, Jonathan . 478 Hecht, C. F .	Jamieson, E. H . 497	Loe, O. H . 550
Heise, C. J. T . 468 Held, Albert . ksi Hencoe, Theodore . Hi 7 Henlev, D. W _ 479	Jarren, Amandus . 717 Jarrett, W.E . 677 lenkins. D. P . .999 lensen. O. G ... fifin	Long, J. A . 385 Long,]. B . 525 Loomis, A. I . 595 Lottman.W. B . 651 Low, J. R . 647 Loy, C. A . 339 Lov, S. A . 354 Lovd, T. W . 676
Henry, Albert . or1! Henry, W. A . 709 Herman, Axel . 49«	Johnson, A. L . 353 Johnson, Frank . 444 Johnson, J. G 4Q8
Herron, Joshua . 930 Heyburn, E. M . 490	Jomsland, A. O . 494 Jones, H. N . 359
Heyburn, W. B ... K711	Tones. T. T . MS*	Lucas, W. P . 573 Ludden, W. H . 397 Luhn, H. B . 586 Lyons, E.W . 612 M. MacCamy, H. E . 411 Mackenzie, R . 710
Heyer, Hugo . 599 Hicks, D. W . AfiQ Hicks, O.C . 481 Higgins, T. B . 614 Hilby, Edward . 690 Hdby, L. H . 580	Jordan, E. S . 571 K. Kalb, C. S . 7|5 Kaufman, T S 30*3
Hill, C. E . ; . 345 g!}}’ Henry . 645	Keenan, J. M . 535 Kegley, R. K . 595
Hill, J. W . 667 Hobbs, W. M . 999 Holdger, lames . 474 Hole, L. P . 605	Kellam, A. G . 470	Mackie. George . Rif)
Kellinger, M. R . 630 Kelly, A. A . 688 Kelso. T. B . 949	MacLean, J. 13 . 602 MacLeod, A. F . 713
Holley, J. B . 455	Kennan, H. T. 4113
Hollingbery, William . 438 Hollis, J. T . 669 Holmes, Samuel . 599	Kenworthv, Joseph . 485 Kiesling, Rudolph . 634 Kimball, Horace 4E9	Malmgren, K. G . 6:35 Malonev, W. H . 484 Manier, R. H . 3>',8 Manning, Alonzo . 708 Marks, J. H . 6:32 Marston, E. G . 498 Martin, F. N . . . . 439
Holmes, W. K . 41 Q	Know. T. W
Hone, C. F . 433 Hooper, A. E . ’ 559 Hoover, Jacob . 324 Hopkins, E. D . 666	Knox, C. L . 441 Koons, G . 620 Koontz, W. H . 340
Kords, C. J ... 987	Martin, H. J . 435 Martin, J. W . 1331 Martin, Nelson . 402
Hoppe, F. E . 639	Korte, Frank 541
Hopper, A. D . 315 Horr, W. T . 695	Kramer, W. H . 703 Krienbuhl, J. B . 597
Hosford, A. A . 715 Hotchkiss, H. B . . ’ ’ * 608 Houck, L. H . 541 Howell, F. M . 485 Howell, Gideon . 477 Howell, Jesse . 509 Hoxsey, J. H . 566 Hoyt, H. M . 671 Hubbard, H. H . 403 Hubbard, W. P . 328	Kronquist, J. A . 497	Mason, Darius . 714
Kulp, Myron . 726 L. Labrie, J. D . 604 Ladd, ). P . 630 Lafrenz, G . F . 618 Lambert. Edward . 724 Lambert, W. H . 344	Mason, F. H . 407 Masterson, J. R . 515 Mayer, C. P . 643 Mayer, John . 642 Maver, N. J . 354 Mci3ride, J. R . 486 McClellan, E. A . 564 McColough, W. H . 674 MrGnv \f n tMH
Huffman, John . 672	Landes, W. H . 707	McCrea, W. S . 389

INDEX.

xvii

McCullough, John -

McDonald, D. K .

McFall, W. B .

McFeron, T. J .

McGee, L. E .

Mclsaac, J. M .

McKenzie, Angus. . . . McKernan, W. H . . . .

McKinney, W. J .

McMorran, A. W -

McNeill, N. E .

McVay, W. H .

Meade, F. S .

Melendy, E. J .

Melville, J. I .

Merriam, C. H .

Merriam, C. K .

Merriam, L. B .

Merriman, A. M. . . .

Metcalf, Alfred .

Meyers, J. B .

Meideking, H .

Miller, E. C .

Miller, Eugene .

Miller, Fred .

Miller, M. P .

Miller, Riley .

Miller, Samuel .

Milliken, W. T .

Millman, Richard...

Miner, A. J .

Minnick, J. W .

Mitchem, W. F .

Mohr, C. W .

Mohundro, C. E. . . .

Moir, William .

Monaghan, James. . .

Moore, J. M .

Moran, John .

Morehouse, C. H _

Moreland, John .

Morgan, C. F .

Morris, Jacob .

Morris, James .

Morris, N. S .

Morrison, E .

Morrison, E. H .

Morrow, T. A .

Morter, William .

Morton, E. T .

Mouat, G. C .

Mount, J. S .

Mueller, George -

Mulcahy, G. P .

Mulouin, Maxime. . Mumbrue, George. .

Murphey, C. W .

Murray, John .

Muzzy, F. N . .

Muzzy, James .

Myers, A. H .

Myrtle, J. C .

N.

Nagel, Christian. Nagel, Frederick. Narup, Mrs. J. A.

Nash, L. B .

Nauman, E. P _

Neill, R. K .

Nelson, Christian

PAGE

481

614

559

541

704

713

572

461

356

389

317

Nestos, O. R Neuman, M. R . . Newlon, Thomas Newman, D. C... Nicholls, W. A.. Nolan, W. M. . . . Norman, W. S . . Nosier, C. E . . . Nuzum, N. E. . .

O.

618 365 540 562 7. 0 491 699 474 592 701 434 611 409 692. 725 454

579 334 357 705 542 313 453

574 596 311 517

575 556 568 684 562 433 594 456 550 535

580 501 514 567 724 465

, 698 506 681 . 500 . 501 512 , 388 . 377

432

627

719

486

525

641

687

O’Brien, Martin. Odell, T. W.... Oliver, D. K.... Olmsted, Clara S Olmsted, E. D . . Ols. <n, Peter. . . .

O'Neil, B. F .

O'Neill, F. P ... O'Neill, James. . Osborne, J. W.. Overman, T. J . .

P.

Palmer, Oren .

Pangburn, B. F . . . .

Parker, J. B .

Parker, W. T .

Parks, W. D .

Parks, W. R .

Parmeter, S. S _

Paterson, R. B .

Patterson, R. B .

Peachey, Job .

Peacock, J. A .

Peel, J. J. L .

Pendleton, C. N _

Pendleton, H. J .

Penfield, C. S .

Penn, T. H .

Percival, D. F .

Perkins, E. L .

Perkins, W. T .

Permain, A. E .

Pi terson, J. A .

Peterson, John .

Peterson, R. C .

Pettet, William. . . .

Peyton, C. E .

Phillips, H. A .

Phillips, G. W .

Pierce, W. E . .

Pike, F .

Pike, M. E .

Piper, J. J.. . .

Pittam, W llliam. . . Pittwood, Edward.

Plants, W. D .

Pomeroy, F. A. . . .

Porter, j. M .

Power, J. B .

Prather, L. H .

Pratt, M. H .

Pratt, W. G .

Prescott, C. H . . . .

Prescott, D. S .

Prescott, F. L .

Prest, Thomas. . . .

Preusse, H .

Pringle, William. .

PAGE

. 650 . 723 . . 682 , . 685 .. 650 . . 515 . . 373

Pugh, F. A. Pugh, F. K.. Pugh, F. M . Pynn, T. W

R.

701

472

500

547

383

479

467

320

336

607

444

610

711

724

435 383 467 385 400 712 579 686 520 430 396 528 693 361 475

539 603 717 628 524

497

540 677 723 523 543 601

436 522 507

498 , 370

587 539 638 330 372 318 . 599 412

418

419 , 707 . 376

499

Ratcliffe, C. A .

Raub, Andrew .

Rawls, Luke .

Rensch, Adolph . .

Reynolds, F. M . .

Richards, H. M .

Richardson, W. E _

Rieley, James .

Rien, G. E .

Rieper, Henry .

Riley, Edward .

Rinear, C. E .

Rinear, E. D .

Rinear, J. W .

Roberts, Thomas .

Robertson, F. C .

Robbins, J. D .

Roe, Mrs. James _

Rogers, F. A .

Rose, Arthur .

Rose, J. M .

Ross, A. J .

Ross, J. B .

Rosselow, Augustus. .

Rothgeb, Daniel .

Rothrock, Hiram .

Rubeck, A. C .

Rumpf, Peter .

Rush, S. H .

Rushmeier, F. H .

Rusk, Susan . . .

Russell, C. E .

Russell, Robert .

Rutherford, James...

S.

Sanders, E. D .

Sanders, H. M .

Sanders, T. J .

Sanders, W. S .

Sands, H. E .

Sargent, J. B .

Sarginson, John .

Saunders, A. E .

Saunders, G. D .

Saunders, W. W _

Sawyer, B. F . .

Saylor, J. F .

Schoenberg, Michael

Scott, R. B .

Scott, W. D .

Scribner, I. J .

Seaman, J. W .

Seehorn, W. E .

Semple, J. M .

Sengfelder, John

Service, John .

Severson, Thomas.. . Shannon, William...

Shaw, A. J .

Shaw, L. W .

Sheehy, E .

Sherwood, F. P .

Sherwood, J. D .

PAGE .. 577 . 4U4 , . 414 .. 479

563

312

332

609 493

610 399 593 533

511

512 691 386 517 567 693 355 462 598 440 423 371 476 473 552 681 687 449 490 546 316 628 598 601

398

624

662

566

683

367

609

619

591

631

545

649

505

374

605

326

439

359

390

380

549

644

398

418

696

518

446

445

xvm

INDEX.

	PAGE
Shine, P. C .
Short, J. H .
Shrimpf, C. G .
Siegenthaler, Emil .
Simpson, John .
Sims, B. F .
Sivyer, W. C .
Skattum, O. M .
Slater, L. R .
Smiley, C. F .
Smith, A. A .
Smith, F. J .
Smith, F. W .
Smith, J. B .
Smith, L .
Smith, Joseph .
Smith, V. M .
Snore, H. J .
Snyder, L. H . Sondgerath, Peter . .
. 651
Southard, Freeman .
Spalding, W. A .
Spangle, G. W .
Spangle, William .	. 566
Spath, j. L .
Speck, R. D .
Spence, W. H . Sprague, Henry .
. 676
Squier, D. D .
Squier, J. N . Stafford, J. R .
Stafford, Wilson .
Stahlberg, August .
Staley, Freeman .
Staley, Thomas .
Stanton, E. H .
Stark, W. A .	. 352
Starr, M. L .
Starr, W. A .	^7^
Stauffer, W. E .
Stayt, W. C .
Stearns, H. R .
Steel, Thomas .
Steenstra, Thomas .
Steffer, F. W .

PAGE T. Tarbert, Joseph . 510	PAGE Watson, William . 437 Watt, Alex. . . 325 W att. I. W. . . 357
Tarry, Albert . 704 Tate, John . 603 Taylor, F. M . 322 Taylor, J. R . 313 Taylor, W. H . 427 Taylor, W. H . 336 'l'efft, S N . 669 Temple, G. W . 646 Thatcher, O. B . 446 Thayer, A. D . 661	Webb, W. B . 564 Webb. W. O . fii« Weber, J. A . 633 Webster, E. J . 381 Weeks, C. H . 581 Wegner, F. C . 330 Weir, Donald . 520 Wells, H. A . 542 Wells, S. A . 395 Wentworth J. W R74
Thierman, T. H . 717 Thomas, C. P . 645 Thompson, C. H . 583 Thompson, D. M . 362 Thompson, E. C . 405	West, J. E . 656 Westfall, L. L . 573 Wetzel, John . 4O6 Weymouth, F. P . 421 Whearty, Richard. 504
Thompson, E. H . 670 Thomsen, T. P . 527 Thornton, W. W . 615 Thorp, A. L . 615 Thorsland, Samuel . 410 Thurston. M. D . 686 Tifft, W. T . 690	Wheatley, J. W . 665 Wheeler, J. W . 502 White, C. F . 621 White, J. J . 413 Whiting, B. M . 422 Whitten, L. B . 381 Wichmann, Henry fiSfi
Tonnet, Henrv . 535 Tormey, J. E . 570	Wieser, Adam . 715 Wilkinson, M. A K97
Traian, Daniel . 511	Williams. A. P . 3Q4
Treede, Henry . 575 TriPP. F- J . 718 Tueting, F. W . 669 -	Williams, John . 331 Williams, L. F . 492 Williams. Robert . 351
Turner, George . 416 Turner, Richard . 441 Turner, R. M . 692	Williamson, R. G . 588 Willson, J. S . 363 Wilson. I. A . 458
Turner, Samuel . 644 1 Turner, W. B . 326	Wilson, J. A . 425 Wilson, (. L . 460

Stein, A. R . 708

Stimmel, H. G . 012

Stocker, G. W . 697

Stockwell, O. R . 431

Stokes, C. F . 683

Stoneman, W. H . 508

Stout, C . . 661

Stout, J. K . 362

Stowers, Henry . 548

Strathern, H. M . 625

Stratton, A. R . 534

Stringham, A. C . 563

Strong, W. E . 473

Stumpf, C. H . 675

Sturman, S. C . 536

Stutler, Lawrence . 677

Stutz, J. C . 623

Sullivan, Jerry . 594

Sutherland, James . 691

Swartz, W. W . 688

Sweet, VV. R . 697

Syphert, C. B . 361

U.

Utz, B. E .
V.
Valentine, W. D . . . .
VanBrunt, John _
VanOsdel, E. B ...
Vanwart, J. H .	. 344
Varney, G. R .	. 635
Vess, D. M. .	. 659
Voorhees. C. S .

\V.

Walker, J. C. Walls, R. T.

506

348

Walter, H. J . 515

Waltman, Abram . 349

Waltman, E. A . 558

Waltman, O. L . 653

Waltman, W. W . 571

Walton, Charles . 647

Walton, James . 529

Walton, Leo . 626

Warren, E. F . 324

Warren, J. F . 369

Waterhouse, L. P . 617

Wilson, W. J . 471

Wimpy, C. N . 576

Wimpy, R. H . 337

Windsor, W. R . 667

Wiscombe, W. H . 370

Witherspoon, W. W . 312

Wittenberg, Samuel . 598

Witter, F. P . 553

Wolverton, A. P . . 379

Wood, A. E . 585

Wood, J. E . 335

Woodard, H. R . 698

Woodard, J. S . 706

Woodard, S. T . 697

Worley, C. E . 673

Worthington, Irving . 637

Wright, W. A . 616

Wright, W. H . 591

Y.

Yale, Lewis . 664

Yeager, H. F . 622

Yount, R. M . 336

Z.

Ziegler, W. H . 443

Zittel, J. A . 619

CHAPTER I.

EARLY HISTORY OF WASHINGTON.

THE OREGON QUESTION.

“ Lost by adventurous Hritishman,

Won by bold American.”

A brief sketch or resume of the “Oregon question” seems appropriate in a history of any section of the territory included in that dis¬ cussion. Dr. Barrows calls it the “struggle for possession.” No question has ever arisen, per¬ haps, that came so near precipitating a war be¬ tween Great Britain and the United States without the actual conflict of arms. It was a question that included all points of interna¬ tional diplomacy and negotiation between the United States and Great Britain regarding title to the Northwest country, and pertained espe¬ cially to the territory now included in the state of Washington, for the country north of the Columbia river was what Great Britain espe¬ cially coveted.

Prior to 1818 the Hudson's Bay Company, a powerful corporation, chartered by the British crown. Charles II, in 1670, invaded the Oregon territory, including what are now the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana, with traders, hunters and trappers. Their pos¬ sessions were fortified with commercial and

military establishments. Meanwhile a few per- 1

sons from the United States found their way into the territory, which led to the discussion as to the ownership of the country. Our great statesmen had very inadequate conceptions of the value and importance of the territory in¬ volved in the discussion. This is evidenced, in their expressions.

The National Intelligencer in the early- forties published these words : “Of all the- countries upon the face of the earth Ore¬ gon is one of the least favored by heaven. It is almost as barren as Sahara, and quite as unhealthy as the Campagna of Italy.” And Senator Dayton, of New Jersey, pro¬ ceeded to say, “God forbid that the time should ever come when a state on the shores of the Pacific, with its interests and tendencies of trade all looking toward the Asiatic nations of the East, shall add its jarring claims to our already distracted and overburdened confeder¬ acy.” Evidently the continental idea had not yet reached the senate of these United States.

Daniel Webster said : “What do we want with this vast worthless area, this region of savages and wild beasts, of des¬ erts, of shifting sands and whirlwinds of dust, of cactus and prairie dogs? To what use could we ever hope to put these great des-

2

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

■erts or these great mountain ranges, impene¬ trable and covered to their base with eternal snow ?

“What can we ever hope to do with the ■western coast, a coast of three thousand miles, rock-bound, cheerless and uninviting, and not a harbor on it? What use have we for such a country? Mr. President, I will never vote one cent from the public treasury to place the Pacific coast one inch nearer Boston than it is now.”

Senator Benton said in 1825:

“The ridge of the Rocky mountains may be named as a convenient, natural and ever¬ lasting boundary. Along this ridge the western limit of the Republic should be drawn, and the statue of the fabled god Terminus should be erected on its highest peak, never to be thrown down.”

These expressions are not to be wondered at when we realize that nearly all information pertaining to the country had been received through representatives of the Hudson’s Bay Company or through persons influenced by them. They had advisedly, for selfish purposes, described it as a “miasmatic wilderness, unin¬ habitable except by savage beasts and more sav¬ age men.” This was done in order to prevent the settlement of white people in the country, which they knew would ultimately interfere with their lucrative fur traffic with the ab¬ origines of the land.

JOINT OCCUPANCY TREATY,

Both Great Britain and the United States being apparently unprepared for definite action, in 1818, a treaty of joint occupation was en¬ tered into by which “The northwest coast of America westward of the Stony Mountains shall be open to the subjects of the two con¬ tracting powers, not to be construed to the prej¬ udice of any claim which either of the high contracting parties may have to any part of said country.” This treaty was extended in¬ definitely in 1827, with the provision that after

1838 either party could abrogate it by giving the other one year's notice. ETider this treaty the Hudson’s Bay Company’s shrewd repre¬ sentatives exercised every strategy conceivable to prevent immigration from the United States and succeeded to a great extent for some time. But increasing knowledge of the value of the country stimulated the indomitable frontiers¬ men to move westward. Despite the despicable efforts of the Hudson's Bay Company to ar¬ rest wagons, break plowshares, freeze out set¬ tlers, and by a system of overland forts and seaport surveillance prevent every step that tended toward the actual occupancy of the country, a sufficient number of Americans had settled before 1844 to force upon the United States the question of title. In the year men¬ tioned Mr. Calhoun, then secretary of state, demanded of the British government a specific statement of its claims to the Oregon territory. Great Britain replied by renewing a claim al¬ ready made in 1824, namely, “That the bound¬ ary line between the possessions of the two countries should be the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude to where it intersects the north¬ eastern branch of the Columbia river, then down the middle channel of that river to the sea. This claim, if allowed, would have given Great Britain not only British Columbia but also the greater part of the state of Washing¬ ton. Great Britain based its claim upon the ex¬ ploration of the Columbia by Vancouver after Gray had discovered it. and upon the occu¬ pancy of the country by the Hudson’s Bay Com¬ pany for traffic in furs. The United States rested its claim on Captain Gray’s discovery of the Columbia river, on the Louisiana pur¬ chase, on the explorations of Lewis and Clarke, tracing the Columbia from its source to its mouth, on the settlement of Astoria, on the treaty with Spain in 1818 and on the treaty with Mexico in 1828. Mr. Calhoun rejected the claim of Great Britain and proposed the forty-ninth parallel from the Rockies to the sea as the division between the two countries. The

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

3

Democratic convention of 1844 declared for the annexation of Texas and also “that our title to the Oregon territory was clear and un¬ questionable, and that no part of the same should be ceded to Great Britain.” The “shib¬ boleth” of the Democratic party during that campaign, relative to the Oregon question, was “fifty-four fortv, or fight." An effort was made to abrogate the treaty of 1827 and it seemed for a time that war between Great Britain and the United States was inevitable. The proposal of the British minister, Mr. Pack- enham, to submit the question in dispute to ar¬ bitration was respectfully declined, and the final result of negotiations was the treaty of 1846, whereby the forty-ninth parallel orig¬ inally proposed by Mr. Calhoun was accepted by Great Britain as the boundary between the two countries. Provision was made in this treaty that when the boundary reached the waters of the Pacific coast it should run down the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver island, and thence southerly through the same channel and Fuca straits to the sea. No map or chart being at¬ tached to the treaty, according to which the line could be drawn, a vexatious controversy arose which came very near involving the two coun¬ tries in war. The contention related to the location of the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver island. Great Britain insisted that it was in the Rosaria straits or channel, while the United States con¬ tended that it was in the Canal de Haro. Each party adhered to its position through a pro¬ tracted and vehement correspondence upon the subject. Between these channels was an area of about four hundred square miles, including

several prominent islands comprising land area of about one hundred and seventy square miles which was the bone of contention on the part of both parties. After a prolonged debate of the question, each party determined to have its own way; by the treaty of Washington in 1871 it was agreed that Emperor William of Ger¬ many, as arbitrator, should decide which of the two claims was most in accordance with the treaty of 1846. He decided in favor of our claim, thus giving the United States an undis- putable claim to the island of San Juan and the other islands around it. Although the Hud¬ son's Bay Company took possession of all the country west of the Rocky mountains and on both sides of the Columbia river, yet Great Britain did not assert possession of that part of the country now constituting the state of Ore¬ gon. But it is evident that if the title was good north, it was equally good south of the river. Furthermore, if the title of the United States was good as to what is now Oregon and Wash¬ ington, why not equally good for all the terri¬ tory, including British Columbia? Careful and candid students of the situation have con¬ tended that the proposition of Calhoun in 1844 to surrender to Great Britain all the territory north of the forty-ninth parallel of north lati¬ tude was made in the interest of slavery. The less there was of this territory, the number of free states to be admitted into the Union would be less. If he had not committed our govern¬ ment to such unfortunate, and what some have designated as "disgraceful” offer, it is quite probable that British Columbia would be to-day, what many would deem desirable in view of its growing importance, a part of the United States.

CHAPTER II.

PIONEER MISSIONARIES.

The history of the pioneer missionaries of the Pacific Northwest is a romance. By their exertions and sacrifices they have accomplished a work that entitles them the honor and admi¬ ration of successive generations. They were the founders of a new empire and the ushers of civilization to the land of the setting sun. Bancroft says in his history of Oregon: "It is in the missionary, rather than in the com¬ mercial or agricultural elements, that I find that romance which underlies all human en¬ deavor before it becomes of sufficient interest for permanent preservation in the memory of mankind. I believe the time will come, if it be not already, when to the descendants of these hardy empire-builders this enrollment will 1>e recognized as equivalent to a patent of nobil¬ ity.” Few men have in equal measure exhib¬ ited the heroic and self-denying spirit of the Apostles as these pioneer missionaries did. Seldom have been given to men such an op¬ portunity to exert a far-reaching and enduring influence upon future generations. It was their privilege to lay deep, strong and broad foundations, upon which their successors have, and will, erect grand and permanent super¬ structures. Though dead they yet speak, and we enter into their labors. A sense of our ob¬ ligation to them should incite us to honor their memories and perpetuate their names.

The events leading to the establishment of the earliest mission stations in this region are full of interest. They have a political as well as a religious significance and deserve a prom¬ inent place in the history of any and every por¬ tion of the country.

All reliable historians cheerfully admit that as New England was settled by people who came there to enjoy religious freedom which they could not find in the Old World and founded our empire of civil and religious lib¬ erty, so also — "American ascendancy on the Pacific coast north of California and west of the Rocky mountains is largely due to the efforts of courageous men and women to Christianize the aboriginal inhabitants of the country. A lien the missionaries of the At¬ lantic states commenced coming to Oregon ter¬ ritory, all the white people here, with possibly a few exceptions, were subjects of the British crown, and though the objects of the mission¬ aries was to the Indians, their presence here was a standing notice to Great Britain that the United States claimed the right to occupy the territory. Some criticisms have been passed upon the missionaries because they were not more successful in their missionary work, and because they gave too much time and at¬ tention to other pursuits, but whatever may be true as to these matters, their defiant struggle with the dangers and difficulties of pioneer life is worthy of the highest praise." ( Judge Will¬ iams.)

In 1832 five Flathead or Nez Perce Indians arrived at St. Louis in search of the White Man s God and book. Thev were feeling after the true God if haply they might find Him. Two thousand miles they traveled, climbing precipitous rocks and over high and rugged mountains. They pressed their way through almost impenetrable forests, crossing wide prairies and dismal valleys, and fording

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

5

rushing streams and deep rivers, all in order to find out more regarding the book that told all about the Great Spirit, the hunting ground of the blessed and the trail thereto. Who can conceive the hardships they endured ere they reached their journey’s end? It is not known how long it took them to make the journey. But they reached St. Louis, and for a time they moved silently around in moccasin and blanket, attracting but little notice among the few thousand inhabitants. Among them were two old chiefs noted for wisdom and prudence. The other three were young braves selected be¬ cause of their endurance and daring in any perils. It was not easy for them to make know'll their errand. They found many things to interest them, but not that one thing which they felt they needed more than all else. They were kindly treated, entertained, blanketed and ornamented. They were led to the cathedral and shown the altar and the pictures of saints. But withal they were not satisfied. Why? Because they had faced the perils and endured the hardships of a long journey, in order that they might have better ideas of the Great Spirit of the white man and the book of the white man which shows the long trail lead¬ ing to the Eternal Camping Ground. But this they had not found and doubtless thought their journey was in vain. As the three surviving braves were about starting on their return jour¬ ney, sad at heart and disappointed, the farewell address of one of them delivered in the office of General Clark, is full of genuine pathos and deserves a place among the world’s literary classics.

the Indian's farewell speech.

"I came to you over a trail of many moons from the setting sun. You were the friend of my fathers who have gone the long way. I came with one eye partly opened, for more light for my people who sit in darkness. How can I go back with both eyes closed ? How can I go back blind to my blind people ? I made my

way to you with strong arms, through many enemies and strange lands that I might carry back much to them. I go back with both arms broken and empty. The two fathers who came with us — the braves of many winters and wars — we leave asleep by your great water and wigwams. 1 hey were tired in many moons and their moccasins wore out. My people sent me to get the white man’s book of Heaven. You took me where you allow your women to dance, as we do not ours, and the book was not there ; you showed me the images of good spir¬ its and pictures of the good land beyond, but the book was not among them to tell us the way. I am going back the long, sad trail to my people of the dark land.

‘‘You make my feet heavy with burdens of gifts, and my moccasins will grow old in car¬ rying them, but the book was not among them. When I tell my poor blind people, after one more snow in the big council, that I did not bring the hook, no word will be spoken by our old men or by our young braves. One by one they will rise up and go out in silence. My people will die in darkness, and they will go on the long path to the other hunting grounds, No white man will go with them and no white man’s book to make the way plain. I have no more words.”

It was the potency of this plaintive appeal from the wilderness which started a spontane¬ ous movement to establish an Oregon mission to the Indians, and thence came all those sub¬ sequent and consequent events which, by weld¬ ed liks of steel, have bound into this union of states the whole brilliant galaxy of the Pacific commonwealths.

In response to the earnest appeal of the In¬ dians the first missionary to be appointed for Oregon was Rev. Jason Lee, in 1833. He established a mission in the Willamette Val¬ ley, in the vicinity of Salem, under the aus¬ pices of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1834. He was a great man and accomplished a marvelous work. He deserves all the rec-

6

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

ognition and praise rendered him in the ex¬ cellent work entitled, “Oregon Missions,” by Rev. H. K. Hines, D. D. But as his labors were confined to the present Oregon, but did not particularly affect this region, it does not seem to come within the province of this work to enter into particulars regarding his life- work. But we improve this opportunity to heartily commend the work above mentioned.

In this work we shall be compelled to con¬ fine ourselves to those whose careers have ex¬ erted an influence, by exploration, missionary labors or otherwise, in the settlement and de¬ velopment of the country known as the “In¬ land Empire,” and have thus became directly or indirectly identified with the history of this county.

A chronological treatment of the history will give the first place to Rev. Samuel Parker.

As early as April, 1833, he offered himself to the A. B. C. F. M. as a missionary to Oregdn. He had enlisted the interest of his own peo¬ ple and hoped to be promptly sent upon his per¬ ilous enterprise. But the Board hesitated, fearing, distrusting, delaying, yet they could not trust the inspiration of this man whom God had touched, and he pressed his suit, offering to raise all needed funds and find suitable as¬ sociates.

In 1834 Parker went as far as St. Louis, but he was too late for the fur caravan, and returned to New York. While waiting for the passing of winter he was not idle, but raised money and made missionary addresses.

As Air. Parker is the first explorer of Spo¬ kane county, whose work attracted the atten¬ tion of eminent geologists, I think a sketch of his life is fitting in this work.

Rev. Samuel Parker was born at Ashfield. Massachusetts, April 23, 1779. He was of Puritan ancestry, noted for their piety and posi¬ tive character. His grandfather landed at Charleston, Massachusetts, soon after the set¬ tlement of Plymouth, Massachusetts. He en¬ tered Williams College, in 1803, was admitted to

Sophomore standing and graduated in 1806. His fidelity and studiousness gave him a good standing among his classmates. Following his graduation he spent one year teaching at Brat- tleboro, Vermont. After this he pursued theo¬ logical studies under the supervision of Rev. Theophilus Packard, D. D., and was licensed to preach in 1808 by the North Congregational Association of Hampshire county. He was soon sent as a missionary to New York state wdiere he did arduous work in the then wild regions of Geneva and Wayne counties for nearly a year. His theological studies were re¬ sumed in the fall of 1809 at Andover Theologi¬ cal Seminary, graduating with the first class of that institution. On December 23. 1812. he as ordained and installed at Danbv, New York, by a Congregational council. After a pastor¬ ate of fifteen years at Danbv, New York, he be¬ came financial agent of Auburn Theological Seminary in New England. In 1833 he offered himself to the A. B. C. F. M. as a missionary to Oregon but was not accepted. In January. 1834. at the annual Fast and Prayer day, he offered to go in the employ of the First Presby¬ terian church of Ithaca, New York, with the sanction of the American Board. In the spring of 1834 he and Rev. John Dunbar and Mr. Samuel Allice, teacher, started for Oregon. But after starting they were falsely persuaded that they were too late for the caravan of the Fur Company, consequently Messrs. Dunbar and Allice went to the Pawnee Indians and Mr. Parker returned to the east.

While traveling in southern New York conducting missionary conferences Mr. Parker met at Wheeler, Marcus Whitman, M. D. In the spring of 1835 Parker and Whitman start¬ ed for Oregon. They went together as far as the Green river rendezvous, whence Dr. Whit¬ man returned for recruits. Rev. Parker con¬ tinued his journey westward and spent 1835- 36-37 in making his exploring tour bevond the Rocky Mountains under the auspices of the A. B. C. F. M. He is the first real explorer of

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

7

the country north of the Snake river. After his return he wrote his book entitled “ Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains under Direction of the A. B. C. F. M.” J. C. Derbv & Co., Publishers, jth Edition, 1846.

Over twenty thousand copies were sold and it was commended for its geological value by Professors Edward Hitchcock. Benjamin Sill- man, and other eminent geologists. Mr. Park¬ er lectured through New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana. Missouri. Kentucky, sixteen hundred times in all. which, with the distribu¬ tion of his hook, did much in creating public sentiment in favor of Oregon, resulting in the present boundary line. “He was a bold, decid¬ ed man, full of energy and resolution, doing with his might, wisely, whatever he undertook to do, daunted by no dangers.” After a long life of arduous toil and many years of physical infirmity, Mr. Parker passed away from earth in his eighty-seventh year. He died in peace fully trusting in God's promises, and his phys¬ ical remains were interred in the Ithaca, New York, cemetery near Cornell University.*

parker’s explorations.

No early explorer or missionary received a more hearty welcome from the Indians than Rev. Samuel Parker. They followed him by the hundreds and gave him every aid within their ability as he traveled over the mountains. Their joy seemed to be unbounded in view of his mission among them. In the fall of 1835 Mr. Parker reached Fort Vancouver and spent the winter there and was employed as a teach¬ er by the Hudson’s Bay Company. In the spring of 1836. he went up the Columbia river to the mouth of the Snake river. He then traveled east and north, making careful obser¬ vations of rocks and soil. He describes quite ac¬ curately the fertile Palouse country and pre¬ dicts its present fame as a wheat region. In his journal he describes himself coming to the

^Indebted to I)r. S. J. Parker, Ithaca, X. Y., for facts regarding his father, Rev. Samuel Parker.

Spokane woods, then to the Spokane river where there was a ferry. Of the valley he says, “This is a very pleasant, open valley, though not extensively wide. The Northwest Com¬ pany had a trading post here, one bastion of which is still standing. After the river we crossed a valley of level, alluvial soil, where it is about a mile and a quarter wide and the east side is especially fertile. Here the village of the Spokeins is located, and one of their num¬ ber has commenced the cultivation of a small field or garden, which he has planted with po¬ tatoes, peas, and beans, and some other vegeta¬ bles. all of which were flourishing and were the first 1 had seen springing up under Indian in¬ dustry west of the mountains." Page 288. “As we wound our way up the mountains in several places I found granite. W hen we came to the summit of the mountains, we came to a sandy plain several miles wide and covered with yel¬ low pine. Over parts of this plain were scat¬ tered volcanic eruptions of singular formation. Hundreds of regular cones of various magni¬ tudes from those of a few feet in diameter and height to those of a hundred feet in diameter and sixty feet high. They all had the same ap¬ pearance, differing only in magnitude and were composed of broken granite in angular pieces, from those that were very small, to those six or eight inches in diameter, and on the outside were nearly black, as if colored with rising smoke. They had more the appearance of be¬ ing broken by manual labor, and piled up for future use in constructing roads and wharves than having been the result of internal fires, and vet no other cause but the latter can be as¬ signed. The sandy plain around them was un¬ disturbed and large pine trees were growing about them as in other places. After passing the plain we descended and came again to the Spokane river which makes a bend around to the northeast. In this place the valley is less extensive and the mountains are more precipi¬ tous. W’e again descended the mountain, upon which granite and mica slate prevail without

8

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

any volcanic appearances. From this we de¬ scended into a rich valley which was covered with a luxuriant growth of grass though but justspringingup. Thisvalley has the appearance of having been a lake filled up with mountain deposits. In the center is a small lake from which proceeds a rivulet passing out at the southwest. Leaving this place we wound around a mountain in a northerly direction down a valley less fertile but more extensive. Came to a stream of water in the afternoon at four o'clock. Came to encampment. Spokein and Nez Perce Indians brought a good inter¬ preter. a young man of their nation, who had been in school at Red River settlement, Win¬ nipeg, and had obtained a very good knowl¬ edge of English.” Page 289. ‘‘These benighted Indians manifested the same solicitude to hear the gospel that others had done before them. And as an affecting proof that the impressions made on their minds were not momentary, they I

went home and erected in their village a church constructed of rude materials, surely, but de¬ signed, as they said, so that when the next mis¬ sionary arrived, they should have a place of worship. The morning of the 28th of May, 1836, was cloudy and some rain fell. After traveling a few miles in an easterly direction we came to a very fertile valley well adapted to cultivation, extending north and south for at least fifty miles, and of various extent in width, from one-half mile to two miles. The vallev is open prairie well supplied with grass, and at even this high latitude of 48 degrees cattle would do well through the year without the labor of cutting hay. Came to village of In¬ dians. Near their principal village we came to Mill river. Wherever I have met with the natives of this distant region, they have invari¬ ably with earnestness and importunity asked the gift of the Gospel from the hand of Christ.” 290.

CHAPTER HI.

OTHER EXPLORERS AND WRITERS

Though we have referred to Rev. Samuel Parker’s work as one which attracted the spec¬ ial attention of geologists, nevertheless we do not mean to slight in any degree previous ex¬ plorers or undervalue their service. In a work like this we can do but little more than refer to them, and we deem it advisable to confine ourselves to those who actually visited the Spokane country, and came in contact with the Spokanes. The journals of Lewis & Clarke give us evidence that they tra\eled through the country of the Spokanes. But they refer to the Spokan woods, which is prob¬ ably the first time for the word Spokan to be recorded in history. Alexander Ross, in his

book entitled, “Adventures of the First Set¬ tlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor to establish the Pacific Fur Co.,” refers to Mr. Clarke of said company, establish¬ ing a post among the Spokanes. (Page 212.) The second is Gabriel Franchere in his work entitled, “Narrative of a Voyage to the North¬ west Coast of America in the years 181 1, 1812, 1813, 1814, or The first American Settlement on the Pacific. These two gentlemen were on the first vessels fitted out by the Pacific Fur Company or John Jacob Astor. It was the Tonquin which sailed from New York in the autumn of 1811, having on board four part-

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

9

ners, nine clerks, with some mechanics, and an assorted cargo for the Indian and Chinese trade. Mr. Ross was horn at Nairnshire, Scotland, in 1783. He came to Canada when twenty-two years old, and taught school until he joined the Astor expedition. He continued a fur-trader until 1824, the most of the time in the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company. About 1825 he removed to the Red River set¬ tlement and was sheriff of the settlement for several years. Died in Winnipeg, Manitoba, October 26, 1856.

Mr. Franchere was born November 3, 1786, at Montreal, and spent his early years in school and behind the counter of his father’s mercantile establishment. When he entered the employ of the Pacific Fur Company he agreed to serve the company for five years as a clerk. On April 12th the party were landed on the south side of the Columbia, ten miles from its mouth, and the company’s principal port, called Astoria, was founded. Franchere exhibited a wonderful talent for acquiring the Indian languages of the country. He made several excursions up the Columbia and other directions. After the abandonment of the Pa¬ cific Fur Company, he was for some time in the employ of the Northwest Company, but he improved the first opportunity to return to Montreal by the Canadian overland route, up the Columbia, and across the Rocky moun¬ tains. He pleasantly surprised his parents by arriving home September 1, 1814. He died at St. Paul, at the age of seventy. In his book he refers to a post of the Northwest Company on a river which they called Spokan. (Page 119). He refers to the transference of the Pacific Fur Company's post on the Spokan to the Northwest company. He also refers to the arrival from the post at Spokan of Messrs. J. Stuart and Clark while encamping at Kettle falls. (Page 200). Another work is that of Ross Cox, entitled, “Adventures on the Columbia River, including an account of a Six Years Residence on the Western Side of

the Rockies.” Mr. Cox was on the second ves¬ sel, the Beaver, fitted up by Astor, and engaged himself as a clerk for the Pacific Fur Company. The Beaver sailed from New York in 1811. His book gives account of experiences while serving the Pacific Fur Company and North¬ west Company, a period of five years, also his journey across the continent. In his work are found many facts relative to the Indians, which have been extensively copied by later writers. Fie spent a season among the Spokane Indians. In chapter 9, page 99, he refers to the arrival of the party at Spokan. In describing the location of a post, by the Pacific Fur Company,- he says, "The spot selected for forming our establishment was a handsome point of land, formed by the junction of the Spokan and Pointed Heart rivers, the Little Spokan thinly covered with pine and other trees, and close to1 a trading post of the Northwest Company. “In February we took immense quantities of carp in Spokan river.” "The Spokanes we found to be a quiet, honest, inoffensive tribe, and although we had fortified our establish¬ ment, we seldom closed the gates at night." "Their country did not abound in furs, and they were rather indolent in hunting. Their chief, lllinspokanee, or the Son of the Sun, was a harmless old man, who spent a great portion of his time between us and Mr. McMil- lian.” Irving, in his Astoria, refers to the Spokan posts. "The place on which he (Clark) fixed for a trading post, was a fine point of land at the junction of the Pointed Heart and Spokan rivers. His establishment was intended to compete with a trading post of the Northwest Company, situated at no great distance, and to rival it in the trade with the Spokan Indians, as well as with the Coo- toonas and Flatheads.” It was the Northwest Company of Canada that established the first post on Spokane river, near the mouth of the Little Spokane. The Pacific Lur Company followed, and, as already intimated, was trans¬ ferred to the former company.

CHAPTER IV.

WHITMAN MISSION AT WAI-IL-AT-PU. 1

A history of any portion of the “Inland Empire” cannot 'be complete that fails to give a prominent place to the heroic and martyred Missionary, Marcus Whitman. He estab¬ lished the first, missionary station in eastern Washington, six miles from Walla Walla. From his station, Wai-il-at-pu, came the first missionaries to the Spokane Indians. Rev. Samuel Parker was instrumental in leading Ur. Whitman to become a missionary to Ore¬ gon, and Whitman led Rev. H. H. Spalding.

Marcus Whitman was born at Rushville, \ ates county, New York, September 4, 1802, and descended from a New England stock characterized by a proportionate blending of the intellectual and moral, and remarkable for longevity. He was reared amid the environ¬ ments of a pioneer home, and was made famil¬ iar with the privations incident to such life, which, other things being equal, tend generally to promote true manliness. His father dying when he was but eight years old, necessitated on his part the early exertion of physical and intellectual powers, resulting in a well devel¬ oped body, and a wholesome degree of self- reliance, independence, determination and pur¬ pose in life.

He was a man of medium height, squarely built, of mighty endurance and iron nerve; in¬ domitable pluck, inflexible resolution, great practical sagacity and genuine religious devo¬ tion.

“He was as silent as Grant, as resolute as Thomas, as prophetic as Wendell Phillips, as daring as Custer; he entered life quietly and took up first the task which lay nearest to his hand, that of a physician. His earnest desire was the ministry, but the way did not .

seem to open. Later in his leisure hours, he built a sawmill and gained the knowledge of tools. He worked and waited, developing himself for whatever call his country or the world might have for him.” The call came to go to the unknown regions of the west. Start¬ ing in the spring of 1836, we find Marcus Whitman, M. D., and wife, Rev. H. H. Spalding and wife, of whom we shall have more to rec¬ ord, and Mr. W. H. Gray ready to start on their long journey to the far away Oregon. It was a scene that would have delighted the heart of angelic beings. Five brave hearts with the power of the Holy Spirit upon them, undertaking a task that seemed to need super¬ human courage. In the name of the Most High God, and relying upon His grace, they are determined to face obstacles and perils in¬ describable, and enter upon a great and glori¬ ous mission, nothing less than the civilizing and christianizing of the wild savages of the far west. For though three had preceded them as missionaries, yet they were the ones that in¬ troduced Christian civilization among the na¬ tives of the Pacific Northwest. They were the primary agencies in destroying the mon¬ strous monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Com¬ pany, which for a century and a half utilized the northern portion of this continent for fur and pel fry. They were the John the Baptist preparing the way for the coming multitudes, and the heralds of the great coming immigra¬ tion of family life. At St. Louis they found the American Fur Company preparing for its annual expedition to the mountains. At Council Bluffs they joined the great caravan with dlxmt two hundred persons in all and six hundred animals. They had been repeatedly

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

warned on the way of the presumption of at¬ tempting to take their wives across the plains and over the mountains. The officials of the American Fur Company remonstrated against assuming the responsibility of protecting them, and only yielded because of the service ren¬ dered them by Dr. Whitman during their trip the previous season.

On they went, day by day, the monotony of the journey being broken by interruptions of various kinds and scenes of perpetual varia¬ tions. Who can conceive of the obstacles they had to encounter as they moved along the vast prairies where the antelopes and buffalos roved, through the dense forests, across swamps and wide and deep rivers overflowing their banks, But the courage of the women never failed them. Mr. Spalding, on account of the fre¬ quent misfortunes and the feebleness of his wife, was sometimes ready to give up in de¬ spair, but Mrs. Spalding would invariably ex¬ press the determination to press on towards their destination or die in the attempt. She gave evidence of phenomenal endurance. Being feeble when they started she suffered much on the way. At one time she failed to keep up with the company and it was thought that she could not live, but she rallied again and was spared to do a great work among the Indians, especially in translating portions of the Scriptures and some hymns into the Nez Perce language. The mountain men acted especially gallant towards these women.

The true nobility of the women seemed to impress them. 1 hey felt honored in having them in the country. A mountain man is re¬ ported to have said, pointing to them : "There is something the Honorable Hudson’s Bay Company can not expel from the country. How true these words proved to be, for the advent of these women was the beginning of a new era in the history of the Pacific Northwest. In this company we truly find the elements or germs of Christian civilization. Something that cannot be expelled or suppressed. With

1 1

them we find a quart of wheat, the Bible, and two wives. This meant the tilling of the soil, cultivated farms, harvest fields, flour mills, pure morality, light of the Gospel, family life, the Christian home and nurture.

The journey lasted from March to Sep¬ tember, 1836, marked not only by the presence of the women but also by the successful effort of Dr. Whitman to take with them, on its wheels, the first wagon into this country.

By these two events was the scale turned to¬ wards the civilization of this then far-off coun-

>'• . . . . ,

Dr. \\ hitman established a mission on the

Walla Walla river. This is no place to give particulars as to this mission or enter into any controversial points, but to deal with facts, for despite the cavil and slur and doubts of some historians, it is a fact as "clear as the noon-dav sun” that Dr. Whitman, moved by patriotic motives, did make the long ride from Oregon to Washington, D. C., in the winter of 1842 .and 1843. The praise of that famous ride de¬ serves to he sung in all languages. It was certainly one of the most remarkable feats of history and many have declared it as unparal¬ leled, and the results of it are still operative and will continue through the progress of his¬ tory. As already mentioned, the first mis¬ sionaries to the Spokanes first came to the Whitman mission, became a part of it, and continued connected with it in some respects. They were members of the church at \\ ai-il- at-pu while laboring at Tshimakain, Walker's Prairie, and in many ways received aid, coun- sel and encouragement.

Dr. Whitman’s name is more widely known probably to-day than any person connected with the Pacific Northwest, and he has been instru¬ mental in advertising the country to a greater extent than any other person or agency.

The facts connected with the massacre of Dr. Whitman, his noble wife and nine others on November 29, 1847, are well known. For J many years the grave of the martyred mis-

12

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

-V

sionaries was neglected, but November 29 and 30, 1897, on the fiftieth anniversary of the mas¬ sacre, a monument was dedicated near the grave at Wai-il-at-pu. The ceremony was conducted under the auspices of the Oregon Pioneer Association.

The monument is made of Barre granite and cost over two thousand dollars. It is placed on the highest knoll in the vicinity of the Whitman mission, over five hundred feet above the valley, and about five hundred feet distant from and two hundred higher than the original grave. A mausoleum of brick, encased in Vermont marble, and sur¬ mounted by a slab of polished marble, eleven feet by five and one-half feet, by four inches, on which is carved the names of the martyred band, is placed on the spot where the remains were until the monument was erected. This is enclosed by a neat iron rail four feet higrh.

o

Ihe monument is placed on a foundation of concrete, eight feet square and eight feet deep. The first base is six feet square by one foot, eight inches; the second, four feet, ten 1

inches square, one foot, four inches deep; the third, three feet, ten inches square by one foot, two inches, all rough faced and having a mar¬ ginal draft. On the third base in raised let¬ ters is the name \\ hitman. Rising from the third base is a die of polished marble three feet square by three feet, three inches deep. This is surmounted by a cap three feet, ten inches square by one foot, six inches, which is also rockfaced and has marginal draft; then tower¬ ing for eighteen feet above is the polished marble shaft, a square two feet thick and slightly tapering towards the apex. The mon¬ ument in position weighs eighteen tons, one of the bases, the lower, weighs seven tons.

But the college bearing his name, founded by the Apostolic Cushing Eells, D. D., is the intrepid missionary's most worthy and per¬ manent memorial. It is making wholesome progress under the presidency of Rev. S. B. L. Penrose, and is rapidly asserting its place as the most prominent institution of learning-

o

m the great Inland Empire of the upper Col¬ umbia country.

CHAPTER V.

THE SPOKANES,

There is a tendency to judge the Indians by their conduct in time of war. And on ac¬ count of cruelties and revengeful tendencies ex¬ hibited at such times, the almost unanimous verdict is that ascribed to a certain general, “The only good Indian is a dead Indian.” Pioneers necessarily become engaged in con¬ flicts with the natives, which bring to the sur¬ face the latter’s savage nature. Such circum¬ stances are not favorable to form a right esti¬ mate of the Indian character. It might be said

that there has existed a mutual misunderstand¬ ing between the pioneer and the Indian, the former coming to the conclusion that all In¬ dians are bloodthirsty and unworthy of any rights or existence, while the latter come to the conclusion that all the whites are robbers and interlopers. As the natives are slowly passing away and their myths and legends to a large degree obliterated, it tends to increase the interest of the student of etlmologv in their character, habits, customs and traditions. It

7: ;w.f

Indian Presbyterian Church, Spokane Reservation- Built by Themselves About 1880

Indian School at Spokane Reservation

The Oldest Spokane Indians on Spokane Reservation in 1898

Spokanes

Indian Home on Spokane Reservation

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

i3-

<eems to me that the most thorough student should be satisfied with the elaborate treatment found in these lines from Bancroft's five vol¬ umes on the “Native Races.” To said vol¬ umes the student is referred. Among all the Indians of the Pacific coast or Northwest terri¬ tory the inland natives, those dwelling between the Rockies and the Cascades, have been almost unanimously pronounced by explorers, and mis¬ sionaries, and historians, in character, morals, physique and nobility, as far superior to the dwellers on the coast. And judging from the testimonies of the most reliable authorities, we come to the conclusion that the Spokanes com¬ pare favorably with the rest of the inland na¬ tives. “The Spokans are an honest, friendly tribe. They are good hunters, but somewhat indolent, fond of gambling, despotic hus¬ bands and indulgent fathers. Their women are great slaves and most submissive to marital authority. They did not exhibit the same indifference to the comforts of the white man’s wife ’ as that displayed by the Flathead women, and some of them consequently became partners of the voyag- eurs. They made excellent wives and in gen¬ eral conducted themselves with propriety. Al¬ though the Spokane men are extremely jealous and punish severely any infidelity on the part of their wives, they are themselves not over scrupulous in their own conduct. \\ e learned from the wives of the voyageurs that female violation is by no means uncommon among them. The frequent journeys that the women in the execution of their laborious duties are obliged to make alone in the woods in search of fuel, roots, etc., afford great facility to the commission of this offence, and the ravisher depends on impunity from the well-known fear of the woman to tell her husband, who might either abandon her, or, by taking the offender’s life, enbroil their respective families in a san¬ guinary contest.” — Ross Cox, page 231.

“The Spokans are far superior to the In¬ dians of the coast in cleanliness, but by no

means equal in this to the Flatheads. The- women are good wives and most affectionate mothers ; the old, cheerful and complete slaves to their family ; the young, lively and confid¬ ing, and whether married or single free from the vice of incontinence. Their village was situated on the point formed by the junction of the two rivers. Some houses were oblong, others conical, and were covered with mats or skins according to the wealth of the proprietor. Their chief riches are their horses, which they generally obtain by barter with the Nez Perces, in return for the goods which they receive from us for furs : each man, therefore, is the founder of his own fortune and their riches and poverty are generally proportionate to their activity or indolence. The vice, however, of gambling is prevalent among them and some are such slaves to it .that they frequently lose all their horses. The spot where ‘The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep' is about half way between the village and the fort and has quite a picturesque appearance at a distance. When a man dies several horses are killed and the skins are at¬ tached to the ends of long poles, which are planted in the graves ; the number of horses, sacrificed is proportioned to the wealth of the individual. Besides the horse-skins, buffalo and deer robes, shirts of leather, blankets, pro¬ visions, warlike weapons, pieces of blue, green and scarlet cloth, strips of calico, moccasins, etc., are placed in and about the cemetery; all. of which they believe will be more or less nec¬ essary for the deceased in the land of spirits. — Ross Cox, page 105.

The expressions and estimates of the au¬ thorities referred to may be somewhat con¬ tradictory, but on the whole they agree. Ac¬ cording to tradition the Spokanes were once among the most powerful and numerous tribes west of the Rocky mountains. Balch, “Bridge- of the Gods."

The Rev. S. Parker says, “The Spokane Indians denominated themselves the ‘children of the sun,’ which in their language is Spoke-

14

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

in-” Ross Cox also says that the chief of the region was named Ulum-Spokanee, which means "Son of the Sun.” Further treatment is found in other chapters. Mr. Bancroft has collected an array of facts relative to the Spo- kanes from the works of Lewis and Clarke, Ross Cox, Alexander Ross, Rev. S. Parker and government reports. They are found in Volume I, “Native Races.” We shall give the result of his investigations without wearying the reader with all the references to original sources. "The Spokanes live on the Spokane river and plateau, along the banks of the Co¬ lumbia from below Kettle falls nearly to the Okanogan.” "The Spokihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Schroolyelpi and chiefly upon or near the Spokane river." “The name given to a number of small bands is that given by the Coeur d Alenes to the one living at the forks.” "They are also called Sinkoman by the Koo- tonies. ’ "These bands are eight in number. The three on the Columbia all speak a different language from the rest.”— Stevens. “This tribe claim as their territory the country com¬ mencing on the large plain at the head of the Slawntehus, the stream entering the Columbia at Fort Colville, thence down the Spokane to the Columbia and down the Columbia halfway to Fort Okinakane, and up the Spokane and Couer d’ Alene to some point between the falls and the lake on the latter.” “Inhabit the coun¬ try on the Spokane river from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.”— Paige. “At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.” — Mullan. Spokanes differ very little from the Indians at Colville either in language, habits or appearance.

CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS.

Mi. Ross Cox in the book referred to in another chapter deals more with the Indian life than any author we know of. He gaves valu¬ able information regarding the Spokanes as lie found them from 1 8 1 1 to 1816, having spent

considerable time among them during those years. Wilkes says, “There is no regularly recognized chief among the Spokanes, but an intelligent and rich man often controls the tribe by his influence.” Bancroft in treating of courtship among the Indians says, “Courtship in some nations includes certain visits to the bride before marriage, and the Spokane suitor must consult both the chief and the young lady as well as her parents; indeed the latter may herself propose if she wishes.” Runaway matches are not unknown; they take place oc¬ casionally these days. Among the Spokanes a man marrying out of his own tribe joins that of his wife, because she can work better in a country to which she is accustomed, and in the same nation all the household goods were con¬ sidered the wives’ property. In latter times the so-called chiefs could with propriety be called leaders, finding their places as such not from inheritance as much as on account of intel¬ lectual ability or strength of character. As one who has lived among the Indians many years said, “Talent counts with the Indians as much as among the whites.”

INDIAN HONOR AND HONESTY.

As to these qualities in the Indian, opin¬ ions differ greatly, with evident tendencies on both sides to entertain extreme views. Among the Indians, like other nations, are both eood and bad, noble and ignoble. “Worthless as some have been disposed to regard the Ameri¬ can savage, he has some traits which compare with the best of what we call our superior civ- ization. It is well established that the Indian is not necessarily by nature treacherous and bloodthirsty. These are qualities which ad¬ verse circumstances have entailed upon him. The struggle for existence has developed feroc¬ ity among all nations.” — H. T. Cowley in Spokesman Review. We have evidence of no¬ bility of character among the Spokanes. those who have proved themselves thoroughlv trust¬ worthy. Ross Cox tells that the Spokanes were

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

i5

so honest that there was no need of closing the gates at the post. Rev. Cushing Eells testi¬ fied that during a fire at Walker's Prairie not an article was lost. Articles that could have easily been taken were returned to the missionaries. Rev. S. Parker was particu¬ larly impressed with the honor of a Spokane In¬ dian. The missionary had lost his way in the Palouse country and finally found a Spokane Indian who was hired as a guide. After reach- ins' a lake the Indian said that the trail was on the east side of it. But Mr. Parker was some¬ what nervous and offered quite a price for fur¬ ther guidance, but the Indian could not be persuaded to do so, arguing that it would be wrong for him to take pay for doing that which was not neces¬ sary. Rev. Parker says in his book that his horses and nearly all his worldly goods in charge of Indians, to meet him at Fort Walla Walla. He went in a boat on the Columbia with two Indians. In due time the Indians in charge of the horses and goods arrived at the fort bringing every thing with them in good order. On the other hand Rev. E. Walker, who may have pessimistic tendencies, wrote : “During the five years that I have been among this people, I never yet have found one who, in the strict sense of the term, could be called hon¬ est. Nor have I found one whose word could he depended upon, when his interest was con¬ cerned.” He pronounced them “extremely sel¬ fish and apparently without principle." “It seems to me a fixed opinion among them that if you give once you are under obligations to continue giving and to double the amount every time." See Missionary Herald, 1844, page 386. Notwithstanding these representations the Spokanes proved themselves thoroughly loyal to their teach¬ ers after the Whitman massacre. “When the terrible news came by runner to the Spo¬ kanes in November, 1847, that the Cayuses had killed Dr. Whitman and family, and that a party was coming to cut off the family at

Tshimakain, the head chief at once came to Messrs. Walker and Eells and said ‘Do not fear, we will protect you.’ He collected his warriors, who, all armed and mounted, on some signs of the danger, rode to their house, surrounded their dwellings and became a body¬ guard to them and their households during that long winter until a company of volunteer cavalry under Major Magone, came to rescue and escort them to the Willamette valley in the early summer of 1848. Such was the way in which they cherished their teachers, even claiming their children as in some sort belong¬ ing to their country and tribe. They have been true to bible lessons in many respects ever since. Witnesses to their honesty and faith¬ fulness, and desire to improve themselves and their children, come from various sources. Rev. Mr. Cowley, who has charge of a church of Spokanes, testifies to their superior Christian character.” Dr. G. H. Atkinson's funeral ser¬ mon after the death of Rev. E. Walker, 1877.

Rev. Myron Eells, D. D., in his biography of his father. Rev. Cushing Eells, D. D., gives abundant evidence of the disposition of the Spokanes to defend the missionaries. When the Spokane chief thought that some of the Cayuses had gone to Tshimakain, when he and some of his people were twenty-five miles away, he immediately gave orders: “Young men, catch your horses; hasten to Tshi¬ makain and see how it is with our teachers." “Twenty-one did so, and with the few weap¬ ons at hand commenced the ride of twenty-five miles. They rushed down the steep hill south of Spokane so rapidly that they left hoof-marks plainly to be seen several days afterward. After crossing the river they watched closely expect¬ ing to see some woman or child in flight. When within about two miles of the station they be¬ came satisfied that no one had been killed, al¬ though thev believed that hostile Cavuses were in the region. Those in the van waited for those farther behind, when they shouted with joy that their teachers were safe, and at the

i6

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

same time let the enemy know if they were lurking around that they must let these teach¬ ers alone. As they suspected that spies were near the mission, horses were placed in a pen and locked up, fires were kept burning and a watch during the night. One of these Indians, named Charles, was more intelligent and less excitable than many. When asked what they would have done had they met the Cayuses with evil intent at Tshimakain, he. replied, ‘We would have fought them.’ Such acts and such statements, with others like them, showed evi¬ dence of sincere regard by those Indians for their teachers.” Life of Father Eells, page 134. It is a matter of history that the chief known as William Three Mountains, who when a boy lived with Rev.' E. Walker, at Tshimakain, ex¬ ercised a mighty influence to allay the war spir¬ it among the upper Spokanes during the Wright campaign, and very few if any of that band were among the Indian warriors. Mr. Cowley, who knew him well, describes him as a man of “sterling principle, firm will and in¬ domitable energy.”

This chief led the Indians in their devo¬ tional exercises in the absence of missionaries and did much to lead them to a higher life. While attempting to pacify a drunken half- breed by the name of Jackson, and prevent him from doing injury to others, he was killed near this city in the year 1885. See further treat¬ ment of Christian Indians in chapter on Mis¬ sionary Work.

Twenty years ago the Spokanes were di¬ vided into three bands, upper, lower and middle

Spokanes. The first, which occupied the Spo¬ kane valley and south of it, were under Chief Lot, the third, occupying the country around Deep Creek, under Chief William Three [Moun¬ tains, and the second, occupying the present Little Spokane reservation under Chief Lot. The upper Spokanes are adherents of the Rom¬ an Catholic church and nearly all have gone to the Cceur d’ Alene reservation ; the two others are Protestants and have united under Chief Lot and reside mostly on the Little Spokane reservation. Major Gwydir, in writing of the Indian problem, said : “Too much discrimina¬ tion is made between Indians who do not fight and those who take the warpath. The latter, when overpowered by the government, are pet¬ ted and have everything given to them, while the friendless, who have behaved themselves, stand by wondering why the "Great Father” is good to the fighting Indians, and leaves them, who have obeyed the laws, to starve : they can¬ not understand it. The present policy is all wrong. Chief Joseph’s band of Nez Perces are the only ones on that reservation that get ra¬ tions. The others get nothing and the blood¬ thirsty gang of Nez Perces, who only a few years ago caused so much trouble and blood¬ shed, taunt the friendly Indians with cowardice and tell them that the white people hate them because they are afraid to fight ; that they are fools; that if they would start in to fight the whites the government would feed them too. and after that they would not have to work any more.”

COPYRIGHTED BY It. B. SCOTT.

REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION.

CHIEF JOSEPH

OF NEZ PERCES TRIBE

CHAPTER VI.

FIRST MISSIONARIES TO THE SPOKAXES.

Revs. Cushing Eells and Elkanah Walker were appointed missionaries to Oregon by the American Board in 1838. They started on their journey in the spring of that year. In a letter to the writer about a year before his death, which took place in 1893. the Rev. Dr. Eells wrote thus : “Arrived at Wai-il-at-pu August 28. 1838. Rev. Elkanah Walker and myself were appointed to seek a new station among the Spokane Indians. September 10th we started and November 15th encamped at Tshe- we-lah and conducted services in the Indian language. On the 17th we rode to Fort Col¬ ville on the Columbia river, a short distance above Kettle falls, were kindly entertained un¬ til Thursday, when we returned to Tshe-we- lah. We spent Lord's day at Pend-or-illa. On Tuesday, the 25th, we arrived at Tshim-a- kain. At that date there was not a spark of civilization at the place. We sent to Colville for food and for the loan of two axes. With the aid of the Indians, trees twelve inches in diameter were felled and cut into pieces four¬ teen feet long and carried to the place of build¬ ing by the Indians. The four walls of each two buildings were put up, designed for human dwellings. We returned to Wai-il-at-pu by Lapwai, the station of Rev. H. H. Spaldirfg. According to agreement some eight or more Spokane Indians appeared at Wai-i-lat-pu about the last of February, 1839. They came to as¬ sist their teachers to move to their country. On the 5th of March, 1839, riders were mounted, packs placed upon the backs of horses or mules, and on the 20th of the same month we arrived at the two log pens at Tshimakain, or Walker's prairie.” In answer to the ques¬ tion as to method of instruction and apparent

results, he wrote: "Gospel truth was imparted whenever a congregation could be collected. They early learned to pray. Morning and evening, sang and prayed in their lodges, the most important male person conducting the service. If the men were all absent the women did not hesitate to be heard.” The Revs. Wal¬ ker and Eells labored faithfully for nearly ten; years among the Spokanes. They devoted themselves entirely to the task of enlightening,, civilizing and christianizing the natives. Their methods and temperaments were not such as to- obtain speedy and apparent results, but the sub¬ sequent history of the Spokanes bears testimony: to the thoroughness of their ministry and to the truth of that promise, “Your labors are not in vain in the Lord.” Walker's Prairie — taking its name from Mr. Walker, who, on account of his great height, six feet, six inchesj. was called chief by the Indians — is situated at the northwest corner of Spokane county.. The south end of the prairie reaches within a few miles of the north line. It is a delightful and fertile little valley about four miles long and! varying: from one to three miles in width. The Tshimakain creek flows through it and is the eastern line of the Little Spokane reservation. We shall have more to record about the res¬ ervation and the Spokanes as they are to-dav in another chapter. Much could be written con¬ cerning the work of the first missionaries among the Spokane Indians. The Missionary Herald, the organ of the American Board un¬ der which they labored, contains considerable correspondence from Messrs. Walker and Eells from 1838 to 1848. It does not seem to be within the province of this -work to enter into details concerning their labors, yet it seems

1 8

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

rmost fitting to present here a brief sketch of their lives as the ones who sowed the first seed «of civilization in this region.

SKETCHES OF THE LIVES OF REVS. WALKER AND

EELLS.

Air. Walker was born at North Yarmouth, Maine, August 7, 1805. He was educated at Kimball Union Academy, Meridan, New Hamp- pshire, and Bangor Theological Seminary in the same class as Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, the emi¬ nent missionary to Turkey. Mr. Walker and Air. Eells were booked for Zululand, South Africa, the field of the present war. A tribal war in that country prevented their going and the cry from beyond the Rocky mountains was heard. Mr. Walker, then waiting to sail for Africa, and ready for any voice of Providence, his mind filled with thoughts of the heathen, his heart beating with a desire to do them good, was willing to go to any other region at the bidding of the Alaster. As above stated, they settled among the Spokane Indians. The late Dr. G. PI. Atkinson, Portland, Oregon, in a memorial discourse said, “Four thousand miles from their home on the Atlantic they built their log-house among the Flathead or Spokane Indians, sel¬ dom, or never, perhaps, expecting to return or see the faces of friends again, or even of many white people. Their mission was to unfold the teachings of Christ to those dark-minded men and women and children. First, it must be by the example of their own Christian home. Their humble dwelling at Tshimakain re¬ sounded morning and evening with prayer and praise. Christ was their hidden life. On the promises of God they rested and were at peace." Mr. Walker printed with his own hand on the mission press at Lapwai in 1841 a small primer in the Spokane language. The Indians learned to respect him as a man of true courage — a quality which they always tested — and to es¬ teem him as a friend and to trust him as an honest man. His example was a lesson. His words abide in their minds and bind them to

many truths which he taught One of them, a young man, lived with him a year. His prog¬ ress was such, in new thoughts, that an old chief, jealous of his influence until the tribe, persuaded him away and by a kind of plagiar¬ ism obtained his new views and gave them to the tribe as his own and thus retained his own influence and place. That young man has be¬ come a Christian and a chief, and the war fever that was rising high this summer* he did much to allay, and keep his tribe true to the whites, as Rev. Mr. Cowley testifies, who was among them at the time." Mr., Walker and associate left Tshimakain under military escort soon after the Whitman massacre, although the Spo¬ kane Indians earnestly desired that they should remain. During the Cayuse war the military authorities commanded all whites to leave east¬ ern Washington. Mr. Walker went to the Wil¬ lamette valley and bought a claim on which Forest Grove has partly grown. There the necessities of a large family made early and late toil imperative, although he continued to preach the gospel as opportunity offered itself. "The old fire kindled and glowed on occasions in his heart," says Dr. Atkinson, and he longed to give himself wholly to the work and to win souls to Christ. He was one of the founders of Pacific University and for years a trustee. He "as valued as a wise counsellor in its affairs and a liberal contributor toward its support considering his circumstances. He died at For¬ est Grove. November 2 1. 1877. at the age of seventy-three. His wife, a woman of like cour¬ age and spirit with himself, died at Forest Grove a few years ago. Their son, a mission¬ ary in China, was the first white boy child born in eastern Washington.

REV. CUSHING EELLS, D. D.

The associates of Rev. E. Walker and wife, as missionaries among the Spokane Indians, were Rev. Cushing Eells and wife. Not only during over nine years of missionary work at

•Preached November, 1ST 7.

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

19

Tshimakain, Walker's prairie, has his name been identified with this county, but for years afterward, as a self-supporting home mission¬ ary. He is favorably known by all the pioneers from Walla Walla to Colville and familiarly known as “Father Eells.” His life and labors have been recorded in a book by his son, Rev. Myron Eells, D. D., and published by the C. S. S. and P. Society, Boston, and is a work worthy of careful study. Dr. Eells was born at Bland ford, Massachusetts, February 16, 1810. His father’s name was Joseph and his mother's Elizabeth (Warner), who were godly people. His mother died when he was twelve years of age, and he often referred to his old¬ est sister as one who did much for him while pursuing his courses of study. At fifteen he Mas converted and soon united with the Con¬ gregational church at Blandford, under the ministry of the late Rev. Dorus Clarke, D. D. ( Dr. Eells traveled from New York to Boston in the winter of 1885 — while in the east solicit¬ ing funds for Whitman College — to attend the funeral of his old pastor.) He graduated at Williams College in 1836, working his way through by hard labor and self-denial. He Mas accustomed to walk home, a distance of forty miles. I have heard him say that he deemed it providential that he resolved while in college to drink nothing but cold water, for it fitted him more easily to endure some of the privations of his subsequent life, for he enjoyed many meals beside the silvery streams or cool¬ ing springs. After completing his theological course at the Theological Institute, now the Hartford Theological Seminary, he was or¬ dained at Blandford October 25, 1837, as a missionary to the heathen. On the 5th of March, 1838, he and Miss Myra Fairbank, of Holden, Massachusetts, Mere united in the bonds of matrimony and a few days later they started on their long wedding tour to far-away Oregon. The u'riter once asked him, “What led you to become a missionary ?" His ansM'er was characteristic, “The Word and the Spirit

of God.” As before stated, he contemplated going to South Africa, but Providence led him to Oregon. Father Eells Mas universally re¬ garded by those who knew him as one of the most sincere, devoted, self-denying and apos¬ tolic missionaries that ever lived. His ndiole life was on the side of righteousness, and a con¬ stant testimony and unansM'erable argument in lavor of the efficacy of prayer and the poM'er of the religion of Jesus Christ. All classes of men with whom he came in contact. JeMrs, Ro¬ man Catholics and infidels, as M'ell as Protest¬ ants, acknoM'ledged his incorruptible integrity and unfeigned loyalty to the principles which he confessed. He left this country at the same time as Mr. Walker in obedience to military command. For eleven years he resided in and around Forest Grove, Oregon, aiding in laying the foundations of Tualatin Academy and Pa¬ cific University and doing much preaching and teaching. As soon as this country, eastern Ore¬ gon and Washington, Mras declared open he started for the Whitman mission. As a repre¬ sentative of the American Board he took pos¬ session of the Whitman mission claim, and paid1 for it to the said Board, and dedicated half of it for a Christian school in memory of the martyred missionary. That school has become Whitman College, endoM'ed and equipped for great service and known all over the country. As soon as this upper country began to be set¬ tled he entered upon his periodical missionary tours from Walla Walla to Colville. He was identified with the organization of several Con¬ gregational churches in this country, first Spo¬ kane, Cheney, Medical Lake and aided in the erection of their first buildings and gave each a bell. He did much home missionary Mrork in the country, preaching at Marshall, Deep Creek, Half Moon, Pleasant Prairie and other places. Dr. Eells was an active missionary for fifty-tMO years. He M’as a remarkable man in many respects and a M'onderful illustration of the possibilities of life under adverse circum¬ stances. with industry, economy and noble pur-

20

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

poses. He was always careful and systematic in all his doings, utilizing every moment of time, retiring and rising early, a man of mighty faith and strong in prayer. Amid discourage¬ ments and disappointments, he was accustomed to wrestle with God in prayer. “Taking hold of God,” was a favorite expression of his. How much he loved to preach the gospel, and he would have greatly enjoyed the settled pastor¬ ate. He prepared his discourses with care and his expressions were concise and comprehen¬ sive. Under different circumstances he would have made an extraordinary sermoniser. He had an intense zeal for the faith once delivered to the saints. He abhored sham and sensation¬ alism and especially sectarian rivalry. What a grand life! It can truly be said of him “he did what he could." Wordly excitement, the rush after money so prevalent in this country had no charm to him. His supreme desire was to walk the earth doing good. He has made for him¬

self an imperishable monument, and while the names of selfish worldlings who have lived to hoard money will soon perish and be forgotten,, his name will be lovingly remembered by suc¬ cessive generations. “Blessed are they that die in the Lord, for their works do follow them.” Prof. W. D. Lyman, of Whitman College, who knew him from childhood, said of him, “If I were to select one thing more conspicuous than another in the character of Cushing Eells, it would be the abiding consciousness of his re¬ sponsibility to God and man, and his clear per¬ ception of the bearing which his deeds would have on the conditions of others.” After a sickness of four days with pneumonia, the Rev. Cushing Eells departed this life at the home of his son, Edwin, Indian agent at Tacoma, Washington, on Thursday morning February 1 6, 1893. His remains were buried in the Ta¬ coma cemetery.

CHAPTER VII.

MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE SPOKANES.

As already stated, the first missionaries among the Spokanes were Revs. Elkanah Walk¬ er and Cushing Eells and their wives. We shall endeavor to avoid repeating facts, but rather to follow the development of missionary labors from the beginning up to the present time. These missionaries pitched their tents at Tshi- makain, Walker’s Prairie, March 20,1839. They had begun to study the language during the winter at the Whitman mission, but their prog¬ ress was slow, and their knowledge of it very imperfect. The Spokane language has been pronounced “harsh and gutteral." One person on hearing it said, “It makes me think of persons

husking corn.” ‘‘In this respect,” says Dr. M. Eells, "it is very unlike the adjoining Nez. Perce language, which is soft and musical.” The missionaries established a school at Tshi- makain in which the Indians for a time were especially interested. A large amount of time had to be devoted to manual labor. A garden had to be cultivated with the roughest kind of a home-made plow. They planted wheat, potatoes and corn the first year, but the latter was frost killed on August 1 8th. Religious instruction was imparted through an interpre¬ ter. One of the brightest Indians would be se¬ lected to whom the lesson would be explained

The Tshmakain Mission Ground on Walker’s Prairie

The Revs Cushing Eels and Elkanah Walker began Mission Wcrk here in 1838 Thirty Miles Northwest of Spokane

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

21

in advance and he would rehearse what the -missionary would say in public worship. Dr. Eel Is gives account of their work in the Mis¬ sionary Herald, 1840, page 437.

“Taking this place as the center of a circle whose radius shall not exceed sixty miles, it will include a population of nearly two thousand souls, nine-tenths of whom rarely, if ever, leave the above specified ground for any length of time unless it be for two or three weeks in the spring. There are five or six bands, each of which has certain lands which they claim as theirs, and where they pass a portion of each year. So far as I can learn they are somewhat regular in their removings. In this respect, let last year be a fair specimen. \Ye shall have no great difficulty at almost any time, in know¬ ing where to find a good collection. In April a large number gathered on one plain to gather a root called popo.

“In May they returned to this place and after remaining about three weeks removed to a large camass plain about ten miles from us. The camass is their most substantial root. It remains good from May to the following March. In June salmon begin to go up the Spokane river, which passes within six miles of our house. At first a barrier was constructed near some falls, ten miles from this place and perhaps fifteen miles from the camass grounds. At that place salmon were taken only during High water, and then not in large quantities, as the barrier extended only part way across the river. While the men and boys were employed at the salmon, the women were digging and preparing camass, and daily, horses passed be¬ tween the two places loaded both ways, so that all could share in both kinds of food. As the water fell another barrier was built farther down, extending across the entire river; and when completed men, women and children made a general move to the place. If I judge correctly I saw there at one time near two thousand per¬ sons. and the number was rapidly increasing. From four to eight hundred salmon were taken

in a day, weighing variously from ten to forty pounds apiece. When they ceased to take the salmon, about the first of August, they returned to the camass ground, where they remained till October, and then began to make prepara¬ tions to take the poor salmon as they went down the river. During this month they were very much scattered, though not very remote from each other. In November they went to their wintering places.

From March to November our congregra- tions varied from thirty to one hundred, not more than one-half of them usually remained with us during the week. They often came ten, fifteen and somtimes thirty miles on Sat¬ urday and returned on Monday. Since No¬ vember nearly two hundred have remained with us almost constantly. In addition to these just mentioned there have been frequent visit¬ ors from neighboring tribes, coming in vari¬ ous numbers from three or four to sixty at a time. They usually spend one or two weeks and then return.

“We have habitually conducted worship with them morning and evening, when we read a portion of Scripture, and, so far as we are able, explain it, sing, and pray. On the Sab¬ bath we have three services. While the weath¬ er continues warm, the place for worship was under some pine-trees; but as it became cold, a house was prepared entirely by the people, expressly for worship. It resembles somewhat in form the roof of a house in New England, making the angle at the top much smaller than that of most modern houses. The frame is made of poles four or five inches in diameter, and covered with rush mats. Most of the In¬ dian houses here are in the same way.

“For want of a thorough acquaintance with the language much of the instruction com¬ municated has related to Scripture history, though I think we have not failed to give them some correct ideas respecting the character of God, the fallen state of man, the doctrine of the atonement and regeneration, and the ne-

22

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

cessity of repentance and faith in Christ to secure salvation. It is strictly true that they must have ‘line for line’; every new idea must be repeated many times. The nearer our teaching approaches to Sabbath-school instruction, appropriate for small children, the better it is understood. This people are slow to believe that the religion we teach is to ex¬ tend farther than the external conduct. They wish to believe that to abstain from gross sin and to attend to a form of worship is all that is necessary to fit them for heaven.

“There has usually been good attention during the time of worship. At first the ap¬ pearance seemed to indicate a desire to hear something new. Of late I have perceived what I thought to be a little change, approximating toward a disposition to listen as to an import¬ ant truth, though I am obliged to say as yet the word seems to fall powerless, producing no deep or permanent effect upon the inward man. I have not been able to learn that they have any realizing sense of the odious nature of sin, or of moral obligation. During the last week in November a school was opened. At first it was composed of little more than thirty members, but has been gradually increas¬ ing so that it now numbers more than eighty. The attendance is very regular. The school- house and house for worship are the same. Progress in teaching must necessarily be slow till a better knowledge of the language shall be obtained and books prepared. As yet all the printing has been done with the pen.”*

Next year Dr. Eells writes: "During the past winter nearly two hundred and fifty Indians have been encamped by us. As has been usual since we first came here, so

* “ Respecting the Indian character I will only say that I think a minister on his first acquaintance with them will be inclined to judge quite too favorably, and give an extravagant account of their readiness to receive the gospel. That error has been committed in this re¬ spect is very evident, but it should not be thought strange; for so great is the danger of being deceived that I am almost afraid to sav anything on this point, even after being among them lor over a year.”— Pp. 94- 98, Father Fell’s Life.

now there is good external attention to relig¬ ious worship. If we judge correctly there has been a marked increase in the knowledge of divine truth. This is especially true of the chief mentioned in the Herald by the name of Big Head. It has been a rather general im¬ pression among the best informed Indians that thieves, gamblers, Sabbath-breakers, and such like will go to a place of misery when they die. but that such as are not guilty of open vices, and attend to a form of worship will go above. We have labored much to correct this and kin¬ dred errors, and unless we greatly mistake, our labor has not been in vain. The language of the chief is : ‘I formerly thought my heart was good, but I now see it is not.' Respecting the wickedness of the heart his expressions are at times forcible. He says to his people :

“ vYe are full of all manner of wickedness — are covered up in our sins. They hold us like strong chords. One thing must be done. Our hearts must be changed or we shall go below when we die.’ Some are respectful and atten¬ tive to our instructions, evidently with the hope of obtaining from us some pecuniary reward.

“The school has been taught fourteen weeks. It commenced the last of November. The whole number of pupils who have at¬ tended has not varied much from seventy, though the average number, I think, has been about fifty. As was expected, novelty had its influence in causing some to attend for a time who have since fallen off. A few of the older members have been necessarily absent so much that they have fallen behind those much, younger than themselves, and, as I suppose on account of shame, have ceased to attend. The manifest interest in the school, both among the parents and children, is as great as can rea¬ sonably be expected. Instruction has been given in reading, spelling, arithmetic, and music. The proficiency generally made by the school has been cjuite satisfactory to the teach¬ ers. I have been agreeably surprised at the readiness with which correct answers have

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

23

been given to questions relating to numbers. They are passionately fond of music.”

During the first year Mr. Eells traveled about sixteen hundred miles on horseback in the prosecution of his missionary labors. During the second year the number attending the school reduced materially. 1 he winter of 1846-47 was a very severe one. Mrs. Eells writes, "The past winter has been the most se¬ vere in the memory of the oldest Indians. The snow began to fall about the middle of No¬ vember; about the middle of December it was not far from two feet deep and it continued to increase to the first of March. For more than five months the earth was clothed in a robe of white; for more than three months we were literally buried in snow; all the west side of our house was banked to the roof and would have been dark only that the snow was shov¬ eled from the windows.

"Our meeting house was not opened from the 17th of January till the last Sabbath in March, and then Mr. Eells went on snow- shoes. Several Indians went to worship on the first Sabbath of April, but Air. Eells went on horseback; sometimes it was so cold that the air cut like a knife and about the first of March we could not keep ourselves comforta¬ ble. From the middle of December until some time in April, men, women and children traveled on snow shoes outside of the every day beaten path. The extent of Mr. Eell’s and Mr. Walker's traveling was to the Indian lodges and about a quarter of a mile to feed the horses and cattle ; it was only by unwearied labor and greatest economy in feeding that enough of our cattle and horses were saved for present use. Only one horse has died, but we have lost twelve cattle. We havd, however, had an abundance of the necessaries of life, and more of its luxuries than has some¬ times fallen to our lot.” During this winter nearly all the horses and cattle both of the In¬ dians and Hudson's Bay Company died, the lat¬ ter saving but three out of two hundred and

seventy horses. We have already referred to the departure of these missionaries after the Whitman massacre. Messrs. Walker and Eells’ desire and purpose to return was so strong that they did not formally sever their connec¬ tion with the American Board for five years. Some of the Spokane Indians came to Oregon City in 1851, to obtain teachers. The mission had not been a great success as far as visible results were concerned, but faithful work had been done, accompanied by sincere prayer for God s blessing. The conservativeness of the missionaries was probably one reason why a church had not been organized and some of the Indians made members of the visible church. Subsequent evidences show that there were some among them who were really converted. After the departure of the missionaries, some of them assumed leadership as religious teach¬ ers, and Sabbath worship and daily worship were conducted in their lodges. Travelers, going through the country after the discovery of the Colville mines, testify that they found praying men among the Spokanes. Major P. Lugenbeel, who had command of United States fort Colville, and acted as Indian ag'ent, said in 1861 to Mr. Eells, "Those Indians of yours are the best Indians I ever saw. I wish you would go 'back and resume missionary op¬ erations among them.” Mr. Eells came to \\ alia \\ alia in i860. He improved the first opportunity to visit Tshimakain. which was in 1862. He spent a Sabbath on the old mission ground and a large number came from many miles to see and hear him. He was gratified by finding evidence that his work had not been in vain and that many of the Indians had ex¬ perienced the saving power of the truth and power of God. To follow the development of Protestant missionary operations among the Spokane Indians brings 'the name of Rev. Henry Harmon Spalding prominent. His work and that of Rev. H. T. Cowley seems to be the connecting link between foreign and home missionary work in this country.

24

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

The labors of the Catholic Fathers is treat¬ ed separately.

Mr. Spalding and his wife, as already stat¬ ed, crossed the mountains the same time as Dr. and Mrs. Whitman. The journey is justly celebrated in history as the first ever made by white women across the Rocky mountains. "‘This alone was sufficient to make the name of Mrs. Whitman and Mrs. Spalding historic.” Himes. Mr. Cowley, in an article in the Spokesman Review, says :

“In the midst of the wildest rumors, a dele¬ gation of three Spokanes made a visit in the spring of 1873 to the Lapwai agency and en¬ treated Rev. H. H. Spalding, the veteran Nez Perce missionary, to make a preaching tour in the Spokane country, as the natives were again hungering for instruction. Although old and feehle, and surrounded with many perplexities in his own field, he complied, and the month he spent in the Indian camps at the root grounds and fisheries distinctly allayed the excitement and reassured the scattered settlers. This re¬ sponse of Mr. Spalding’s to the entreaties of the Spokanes was only a half loaf, measured hy their eager desires for intelligence, but it produced a lasting impression upon their sus¬ ceptible minds. He returned to Lapwai in the heat of the July sun, in great bodily exhaustion, promising to make them a visit the following season. But he had made his last effort for the welfare of the red man, and in the summer of 1874 he passed to his final rest."

Dr. Eells testifies that Mr. Spalding bap¬ tized two hundred and fifty-three Spokanes at this time. Rev. H. T. Cowley came as an in¬ dependent missionary among the Spokanes in October, 1874. He did some teaching and preaching near his present home in a log build¬ ing erected by the Indians on Enoch’s land and a few rods south of the N. P. depot. But the principal Indian mission was established near Deep Creek, where the Indians erected a log building 20x30 feet, but not a very comfortable place to spend the winter. Mr. Cowley contin¬

ued his labors until the spring of 1878. The Indians had no special care from this time to 1882. On July 23, 1882. Rev. Deffenbaugh. missionary of the Presbvterian Board amonsr the Nez Perces, visited the Spokane Indians. At Chief Lot's camp on the Little Spokane res¬ ervation, about fifty miles northeast of Spo¬ kane, he reorganized the Indian church. There were found to be sixty-four members of the Deep Creek church. During a series of meet¬ ings, the records state that thirty-five backslid¬ ers were reclaimed. At this time a licentiate was left in charge, an Indian educated by Miss Macbeth, Nez Perce mission, named Enoch Pond. He was succeeded by an Indian named S. H. A hitman. The Indians built a church of logs, covering it with weatherboards, 25x40 feet. Chief Lot put into the buildings twenty dollars and twenty-seven cayuses out of his in¬ come of ninety-six dollars a year. After a few years of experience with Indian preachers the chief requested that a white preacher be sent them. On October 25. 1894. a lady found her way alone to the Indians. She was Miss Ellen \Y. Clark, a native of Kensington, Que¬ bec. After teaching for several years and pur¬ suing a special course of study at the Moody school, Northfield. Massachusetts, she decided to devote her life to labor among the Indians. Hearing of the Spokanes as neglected and de¬ siring a teacher, she found her way to them and started at first an independent school at Chief Lot's camp which was soon adopted by the \\ Oman’s National Indian Association. Being an energetic and capable woman she did effect¬ ive work. The enrollment at the school reached as high as eighty. Miss Clark left this field last summer and went to the Neah Bay reserva¬ tion. There are two Indian churches and build¬ ings, one at Lot’s camp known as Wellpennit, the other at the river near the agency. They are connected with the Spokane agency. The writer agrees with some others who have writ¬ ten on the subject that these upper Spokanes have not been treated by the government as

25

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

well as they deserve. There are now about five hundred of them on the Little Spokane res¬ ervation. Rev. Robert Gow, a late missionary among them, testified thus, “The Indians here morally are superior to those of other tribes that I have seen. Compared with the white people their morality in some respects is also superior. They are, I should say, so far as .their knowledge goes as moral as any of us. There is not much drunkenness, they do not steal, they keep the Sabbath as well as they know how. If you were here some Sabbath day, either when celebrating the Lord’s Supper, or upon any ordinary Sabbath, and see the in¬ terest manifested, the order and decency of the meeting, and hear the prayers, and see the tears as one after another rises and tells of sins com¬ mitted and sorrows of heart, you would not ask for further evidence whether missionary work had been in vain.” Some of these Indians prove themselves genuine Christians. They have the gift of public prayer to a remarkable degree. Miss Clark testified to the writer that she be¬ lieved Chief Lot and Enoch and Abraham as good Christians as she ever knew. Thomas Geary, the interpreter, one of Mr. Cowley’s scholars, is spoken of as a man of real Chris¬ tian character.

Rev. D. D. Allen and wife are at present the Presbyterian missionaries on the Little Spokane reservation, and in a letter from Well- pmnit mission, dated January 6, 1900, writes:

“After the Wellpinnit church had been or¬ ganized, a log church building was erected, about 17x20 feet. It was afterwards extended to 34 feet. The congregations increased until this was not sufficient. Accordingly work was commenced on a new church building 30x40 feet, during the past summer. The Indians became very much interested in the new build¬ ing, and subscribed nearly six hundred dollars for the work, besides doing all the hauling, and perhaps nearly one hundred dollars worth of work on the building. The Indians have been nearly all settled on farms which they cul¬

tivate, and have become almost entirely self- supporting. They are a peacable, industrious class of Indians. The church work is in quite a prosperous condition. The new church is filled nearly every Sabbath. The church was beautifully decorated on Christmas, and a very pleasant entertainment was given that night, under the management of Mrs. D. D. Allen. The young men and women took great delight in being able to carry all the parts in the songs. Communion services were held on Sabbath, December 31. The services commenced on F riday morning and closed on Monday night with a young people's meeting. The church was packed at almost every service. The In¬ dian ushers went about their work with as deft a hand as could be done in any white church. The Spirit of the Lord was truly present. Dur¬ ing the progress of the meetings fifty-seven persons came before the session — some to learn whether the offenses which they had committ¬ ed would debar them from the Lord's Supper, which they regard as a great privilege. There were twenty-four accessions to the church.

“Chief Lot said, he spent the first twelve years of his life without any clothing. When a treaty was entered into between the govern¬ ment and the Indians, Chief Lot chose, instead of an annuity, churches and schools. He wants his people to be educated that they may be all the same as the white people.”

LOT (WHISTLE POOSU.m), CHIEF OF THE LOWER SPOKANES.

“Lot, chief of the Spokanes, was so named by Rev. Eells, who established a Protestant mission church at what is now known as Walker’s Prairie, forty miles north of Spo¬ kane. Lot is by far the most respected of any of the chiefs amongst all the trbes of In¬ dians in the Northwest. During the Indian troubles, he took the Rev. Mr. Eells from Walker’s Prairie to Walla Walla with a trusted band of Indians, traveling by night and sleep¬ ing by day for fear of meeting hostiles. Lot

26

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

was one of the band of chiefs who went to Washington, composed of Moses, Tomasket, and himself, to make a treaty for the cession of part of the lands from the Indians to the public domain. Fred Sherwood acted as in¬ terpreter. Moses, as the great war-chief, was first interviewed. He asked for a thousand dollars a year annuity (which he still receives), and annuities for his tribe. Tomasket asked for a school house and mills for his people, but Lot asked for a church and a schoolhouse that his young people might be taught the ways of the whites and the Christian religion as taught by Missionary Eells.

“There are several interesting reminis¬ cences about Lot while I was agent of the Colville reservation. The first Indian court was appointed by me, consisting of Whistle Poosom (Lot)., Sharchjockin (Cornelus), and Red Bones, as judges. I will say that no court ever administered justice more impar¬ tially than that court. One day at the agency an Indian policeman came in with a prisoner who was the chief's son.

“I asked the young man what was the trouble and he said he had been accused of stealing another’s wife, but that the accusation was false. He said his father was coming down the following day to try him. I told the policeman to turn the young man loose, when the prisoner said, no, his father had ordered him to be put in jail, and his father's orders must be obeyed and he wanted to go to jail. I told the policeman to put him in jail, where he remained till the next day, when his father, with two hundred of the tribe, came down to the trial.

“Upon hearing t he evidence the court found the prisoner not guilty, the accusation having been brought about by idle talk. Lot, on that occasion, . after his son was declared not guilty, made the following address to his people : ‘I am the chief ; you are my people, you are my children. When you do wrong, it makes my heart sick ; when you do good it

makes my heart glad. But this boy is closer to me than all of you. He is my blood, my flesh, my child. When he does bad, my heart is very sad, when he does good my heart is glad. But Washington (the Government) placed me here as judge, and I forget that I am a father, I forget that he is my blood ; all that I want to do is to do right and see that justice is carried out and the guilty punished.' ”

We are indebted for this interesting sketch to the courtesy of Major R. D. Gwydir, ex-Indian agent of Colville reservation, who has given us the privilege of the perusal of his unpublished manuscripts.

The extraordinary work which Rev. H. H. Spalding did among the Spokane Indians makes it fitting to give a sketch of his eventful life in this history. His life has been pub¬ lished during the last year in the Whitman College Quarterly, written by Rev. Myron Eells, D. D., the Indian missionary at Skoko- mish. We deem it advisable to give more space to deceased prominent persons than to those living.

Rev. H. H. Spalding was born on No¬ vember 26, 1803, at Prattsburg. New York. Being left an orphan in infancy, he was reared in a stranger's house, but was treated with ten¬ der care. His educational advantages till early manhood must have been meagre, for he was of age when he entered Franklin Acad¬ emy in his native town, where he became a member of the Presbyterian church. He worked his way through the academy and col¬ lege. His collegiate studies were pursued at Hamilton College, New York, ami Western Reserve College. Hudson, Ohio, graduating in 1833. In October, of the same year, he united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Hart, a native of Berlin, Connecticut, a bright and conse¬ crated woman. They removed to Cincin¬ nati, where Mr. Spalding continued his studies in Lane 1 heological Seminary. They were appointed by the American Board of Commis¬ sioners for Foreign Missions as missionaries

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

2 7

to the Osage Indians. After they had started in a sleigh over the deep snows of western New York, they were overtaken by Dr. Whit¬ man. The result was a change of plans and a decision on their part to go to Oregon.

Mrs. Spalding's health was such as to make the journey a great hardship. But her pluck and patience, fortitude and faith proved to be phenomenal and with her subsequent life of missionary labors, though brief, give her a place among the world’s heroines. They reached their destination in due time. Before the end of the year 1836 they had established a mission at Lapwai. In August, 1837, Mr. Spalding made a trip to Fort Colville and preached near¬ ly every night on his way. He came in con¬ tact with the Spokane Indians and preached to them on this journey. His mission during the first year was a wonderful success. In the latter part of 1838 there was an exciting revival among the Indians. In May, 1839, was brought to this region the first printing press with some type and paper. It was brought from Honolulu by Mr. E. O. Hall. On this press was done the first printing on the Pacific coast, which was an eight-page pamphlet in the Nez Perce language. As early as 1845 Mr. Spalding had begun the translation of Genesis. In the same vear a sawmill began operations. The work was continued at Lap¬ wai under fluctuating circumstances of en¬ couragement and discouragement until the Whitman massacre brought it to a sudden close. Like the other missionaries, he had to leave his

field and go to the Willamette valley. He made- his home at Calapooya, near the present Brownsville, until he returned to his work among the Indians. Mrs. Spalding died in Oregon in 1851. It was found that about one- third of the three thousand Nez Perce Indians continued the practice of family or public wor¬ ship during his absence. Mr. Spalding was not able to resume his work until 1866 and not permanently till 1871. His last years of labor among the Nez Perces were fruitful ones. There was a great revival of religion among them. “He baptized six hundred and ninety- four Nez Perces and two hundred and fifty- three Spokanes. A chief of the Umatillas vis¬ ited Mr. Spalding to receive baptism on his- deathbed." — Eells. “Very peacefully and quietly without one struggle or moan he fell asleep in Jesus August 3, 1871, at the age of nearly seventy-one, and was buried at the mis¬ sion cemetery at Lapwai.”

Says the Oregonian of August 22, 1S74, in regard to Mr. Spalding: “He has been a noble, self-sacrificing laborer for the elevation of the Indians. Perhaps it is to his influence more than to any other single cause, that the Nez Perces are indebted for the distinction, they enjoy of being regarded as the most in¬ telligent and least savage of all our Indian tribes. Amid the grateful remembrance of those who came in after him to enjoy the blessings his sacrifices purchased, he rests from his labors, and his works do follow him.”

CHAPTER VIII.

THE GENESIS OF AMERICAN HISTORY IN WASHINGTON.

The first American to settle north of the Columbia river, or in any of the territory now comprising the state of Washington — outside of missionaries — was Michael T. Simons. He immigrated to Oregon in 1844, and spent the first winter at Fort Vancouver. He is de¬ scribed as a stalwart Kentuckian, of splendid physique, great endurance, resolute mind, pos¬ sessing all the qualifications of a successful pioneer. His stay at the fort enabled him to understand the disposition of the officials of the Hudson's Bay Company relative to Ameri¬ can occupation of the northern country. He was doubtless convinced that it was their pur¬ pose to prevent, if possible, American settle¬ ment in that region. The desire to exclude American settlement was an evidence of the value of the country. This, with his patriotic spirit, prompted Mr. Simons to a determina¬ tion to find out all that he could about it. An attempt to explore the dense wilderness be¬ tween the Columbia river and Puget Sound was made by him and a few of his companions during the winter. In the summer of 1845 Mr. Simons made an extensive exploration of Puget Sound, and was impressed with the commercial value of the country. He selected a site for his future home at the head of Budd’s Inlet, which is the most southern extension at the falls of Des Chutes river. In the fall he and others, seven in all, located on that spot, be¬ ginning the history of the permanent settlement of Washington by Americans. It was an heroic attempt, and they were brave men who did it.

They were among savages who gave no .special evidence of hospitality, and separated by one hundred and fifty miles of dense forests from the nearest white settlers. But few were

added to their number during the first year. Within two years a sawmill was built at the falls of the Des Chute. In 1848 a few immi¬ grants settled along the Cowlitz river. Thomas W. Glasgow explored the Puget Sound as far north as Whitby Island, where he took a claim, being soon joined by several families. But the unfriendly disposition of the Indians necessitated the abandonment of their claims.

Several things retarded the progress of the occupation of this region, among them its iso¬ lation, the discovery of gold in California, and the brutal massacre of Dr. Whitman and others at Wai-il-at-pu. The scattered families spent several years amid great perils which could not have been endured by people of less bravery. They found the Indians as a rule hostile, and even threatening their extermination, but they met the Indian insolence with heroic defiance. This, with the timely and decisive measures of Governor Lance, the building of Fort Steila- coom, with the aid of some friendly Indians, saved them during these critical vears and made American occupation permanent.

About the year 1850 many who had left for California at the outset of the gold excitement returned. Mr. Simons had been in San Fran¬ cisco and had brought with him a cargo of mer- chandise and opened a store at Olympia, which was the beginning of the first town in Wash¬ ington. Settlements began to extend, and Steilacoom came into existence, and soon Port Townsend. In 1851 a company of resolute pioneers, after much exploration, selected claims on Elliot Bay. Among these hardy men were some who exerted a potent influence dur¬ ing the formative periods of territory and state — Terry, Denny and others.

29'

HISTORY OF SPOKAXE COUNTY.

The first attempt to establish a city on El- hot Bay was on Alki Point. The ambition and expectation of the founders is indicated in the name which they'gave to their city, viz: New \ ork. Some of them soon removed to the east side of the bay, and the information which they received from the Indians regarding the coun¬ try, especially relative to the accessibility of the region east of the Cascades, led them to estab¬ lish a rival city. They gave it the sonorous name of the chief, Seattle. Thus the name of an honorable, true and dignified Indian chief¬ tain has been perpetuated.

After this settlements extended ■ with in¬ creased rapidity. Many people of extraordin¬ ary intelligence and enterprise and sterling- qualities came into the country.

\\ e soon find milling and coal mining op¬ erations beginning, and in a few, years the for¬ mer develops to immense proportions. At the same time the country to the south is develop¬ ing; the lower Chehalis valley, Cowlitz and Barker's bay, and down as far as the Columbia river. Attempts were made to establish great cities. So, at the close of 1852, we find in what was then known as northern Oregon, settle¬ ments from the Columbia river to British Co¬ lumbia and from the Cascade mountains to the I acific coast. In this territory we find the towns of Olympia, Vancouver, Steilacoom, Seattle and Port Townsend, with an aggregate popu¬ lation of three thousand.

A resume of historical facts will lead us to consider briefly the circumstances and events leading to and connected with the

DIVISION OF TERRITORY.

Some of the earliest settlers north of the Columbia, probably cherished the laudable ambition of being the founders of a state. They were men of vision, and planned great things. V e find that active measures looking toward separate political existence from Ore¬ gon were inaugurated as early as the 4th of July, 1851. Independence day was celebrated

at Olympia by those who had settled around the head of Puget Sound. Mr. J. B. Chapman, who was the orator of the day, took for his- theme "The Future State of Columbia,” and treated it in an eloquent and stirring manner, -he orator struck a sympathetic chord in the hearts of his hearers, and the appeal for prompt action had a ready response. During the dav a committee on resolutions was appointed, who. in its report, recommended that representatives of all the districts north of the Columbia river meet in convention at Cowlitz Landing, for the purpose, as expressed, "of taking into careful consideration the peculiar position of the north¬ ern portion of the Territory, its wants, the best method of supplying those wants, and the pro¬ priety of an early appeal to Congress for a divi¬ sion of the Territory.”

The recommendation being in accordance with the will of the people, the various districts responded, and a convention was held on the day appointed, with twenty-six delegates pres¬ ent. As a result of the deliberations of said convention, a memorial to Congress on the subject of division was adopted. The Oregon delegate to the Lnited States Congress was in¬ structed to act in accordance with memorial., and Congress was petitioned to construct cer¬ tain roads necessary for the public good, also to extend to the new Territory the benefits of the Oregon land law. For some reason Con¬ gress took no action on the memorials, conse¬ quently the enthusiasm for territorial division lost its ardor for a season. But the agitation did not cease, for a paper was established at Olympia which had that for its primary object.

Under the lead of this paper, called The Columbian, another convention was planned and held October 25. 1852. at Monticello. There were present forty-four representative- citizens, and the action was in harmony with the previous convention. Cogent reasons were prepared and submitted to General Lane, the delegate to Congress, for the organization of a new territory. TheOregon Legislature, meeting

Jo

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

a few clays afterward, exhibited an unusually magnanimous spirit by acting in harmony with the desires of the convention. General Lane ..acted without delay in introducing the measure to Congress, and it passed by a vote of one hun¬ dred and twenty-eight to twenty-nine, Febru¬ ary io, 1853, but substituting the name Wash¬ ington for Columbia. It passed the Senate on the second day of March. At that time the population was somewhat less than four thou- and. The southern boundary of the new ter¬ ritory was the Columbia river to where the fourth parallel crossed it, then along said par¬ allel to the Rocky mountains. President Pierce appointed Isaac Ingall Stevens, of Massachu¬ setts, as governor. He was a man eminently fitted for the position. C. H. Mason, Rhode Island, secretary; Edward Lander, Indiana, ‘■chief justice; John R. Miller, Ohio, and Victor Monroe, Kentucky, associate justices, and J. S.

Ciendenin, Louisiana, U. S. district attorney. About the last of November Governor Stevens arrived and issued a proclamation organizing the government of the Territory, and designat¬ ing the 30th of January for election of delegate to Congress and members of the Territorial Legislature, and February for the convening of the same. Good material for the offices was not wanting, nor a sufficient number ambitious to fill them. Columbia Lancaster, of Clarke coun¬ ty, was elected delegate to Congress. Although a worthy man in many respects, he did not prove to be qualified for the position at such a critical time. Men of fair abilities were elected as leg¬ islators and accomplished their mission credit¬ ably. The material progress of the Territory was slow for several years. The Cascade mountains were a great barrier to the extension of settlements, eastward.

CHAPTER IX.

SETTLEMENT OF EASTERN WASHINGTON.

As already implied, the country east of the 'Cascade mountains, in area the larger portion <of the territory of Washington, had been with-

■ out any white settlers, excepting a few here and .-.there, since the Whitman masacre. There¬ fore it had no part in the initiatory steps to¬ ward territorial organization. Up to the ’six¬ ties it had hardly any history except that con¬ nected with early explorations, the labors of early missionaries, the Indians and Indian wars. The first settler in eastern Washington after the missionaries was H. M. Chase. He

■ entered Walla Walla valley in 1851. He was soon followed by Lloyd Brooke, and two men named Bamford and Noble, the latter for a

time occupying the Whitman mission. Some of them had to leave between 1855 and 1858. After the Indians had been thoroughly sub¬ jugated through the vigorous campaign of Col. George Wright, the interdict of Major-General Wool against the occupancy of eastern Wash¬ ington by white people, was rescinded by his successor in command. Gen. N. S. Clarke. Ac¬ cordingly, the whole country was thrown open to settlement. Soon we find a considerable number of families, farmers and stockmen in the Walla Walla valley, and also along and adjacent to the streams flowing from the Blue mountains, and the development of the Inland Empire became assured. January. 1859. the

HISTORY OF SPOKAXE COUNTY.

3i

Territorial Legislature organized the county of \\ alia \\ alia. A small village began to grow around A [ill Creek about five miles from the Whitman mission. Its first name was Step- toe\ die, then \\ ai-il-at-pu. It was selected a^ the county seat, and when the commissioners came together, they gave it the name of Walla A\ alia. In i860 the Salmon river gold discov- eiy gave a wonderful impetus to immigration and settlement north of the Snake river. By the opening of 1861 the Salmon river mining excitement was at its height. Adventurous mining prospectors flowed in from all direc¬ tions. It was a veritable rush after gold, but the misfortunes were more numerous than the fortunes. The winter of 1861-62 was a very severe one. and the gold-seekers on their way to the Salmon river and the settlers of eastern Washington suffered great hardships. But the influx of population was stopped but for a short time. I11 the spring of 1862 the people rushed in like a mighty tide of ocean, twenty thousand strong. With all the misfortunes

connected with this almost unparalleled gold excitement it was used of God in usherine a new civilization for it initiated the marvellous development which has taken place in the upper Columbia country. Lewiston, on the conflu¬ ence of the Snake river and the Clearwater, was laid out early in 1862. The Territorial Legislature of 1859 created Spokane county, lying north of Snake river to the British line. Its first county seat was Pinkney city, but the name was soon changed to Colville. March 3, 1863, Congress passed an act organizing the territory of Idaho out of the eastern part of Washington, including nearly all the mining region. There were at that time in eastern Washington the counties of Walla Walla, Spo¬ kane and Klickitat. The increase of population north of the Snake river during the next decade was slow. This region had but few scattered set¬ tlers, not counting the U. S. soldiers. The real history of Spokane county does not be¬ gin until the early seventies.

CHAPTER X.

INDIAN WARS.

The original Territory of Washington was the home, or camping and hunting ground of the most powerful and warlike Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest. The Black- foot, Nez Perce, Palouse. Pend d’ Oreille, \ akima and Spokane tribes were the most numerous, supposed to be able to bring to the field of battle ten thousand warriors. The tribes mentioned were all east of the Cascades, and when Washington was constituted a Ter¬ ritory they were foes to be dreaded.

We make no attempt at a detailed account

of the wars in which these tribes were en¬ gaged only such as is necessary to show that incident to the settlement and development of the country have been desperate struggles. The Nez Perce war and the pursuits of Chief Joseph are matters of history. Nearly every part of the country, including the plains of Spokane and western portion of this county, were scenes of battles. The ingathering of the white people to this region, as elsewhere, excited the apprehension of the Indians. They instinctively prophesied the ultimate re-

32

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

suit. They knew that the white man came never to leave.

Before his ax the forest disappeared, the hunting ground was turned to grain fields and fenced, his rifle annihilated the game and his superiority humiliated the proud native. It is only natural that such anticipations should arouse the Indians to do their utmost to avert such a disaster by keeeping out of their coun¬ try the dangerous invader. Accordingly wars were inevitable. The Cavuse war — which we cannot describe — followed imme¬ diately the Whitman massacre. On the 29th day of November, 1847, Dr. Marcus Whitman and his noble wife, and twelve others connected with the mission were bru¬ tally murdered by the savage Cavuse Indians at Wai-il-at-pu. Soon a regiment of Oregon Volunteers came to eastern Washington, and after some fighting the Cayuses abandoned their country, which practically ended the war.

In a few months the Indians returned, and five of them were executed at Oregon City for the murder of Dr. Whitman and others. For a few years after this there were no hos¬ tilities or general outbreak but it was a time of disquiet and apprehension. No treaty existed between the Indians east of the Cas¬ cades and the United States. Governor Stevens made repeated efforts to have a treaty concluded, but to no avail. The In¬ dians proved vacillating if not treacherous, often violating their promises. The discover¬ ies of gold in the Upper Columbia country re¬ sulted in the usual rush of miners. Some of the chiefs declared that no American could pass through their country, consequently we soon find the whole country permeated with the spirit of war which continued for some years. We shall confine ourselves to those wherewith the Spokanes were either directly or indirectly connected. Governor Stevens came in contact with the Spokanes in his ef¬ fort to pacify and make a treaty with the

tribes of eastern Washington. He held a council, when the Pen d’Oreilles, Colville and Spokane Indians came together. The council was held somewhere about the southeast cor¬ ner of this county at the place of a half-breed called Anonite Plante. It lasted for three days, and as reported by Governor Stevens, and Father Joset, who was present, was a very stormy one. War broke out soon after this which spread all over Washington, and continued for nearly two years, costing nearly six million dollars and many lives. The cam¬ paigns of Colonels Steptoe and Wright will cover the part taken by the Spokanes, there¬ fore we shall confine ourselves to them. In 1857 Colonel Steptoe was in command at Fort Walla Walla, which had been recently estab¬ lished, near the present city of that name. The hostility of the Colville Indians and some depredations of the Palouses led Colonel Step¬ toe to plan an expedition north of the Snake river with the intention of going as far as Colville. Failing to rightly estimate the power and disposition of the Indians through whose country he intended to travel, he did not deem a strong force necessary. On May 6th he left Walla Walla with one hundred and thirty dragoons. The march toward the Snake river, across it. and for some distance north of it. was made without any interrup¬ tion. On the 1 6th they were approaching the Spokane country, when to their surprise and consternation they found themselves con¬ fronted by hundreds of Indian warriors, esti¬ mated from six hundred to one thousand. Palouses. Coeur d' Alenes, Yakimas and Spokanes. Steptoe soon apprehended his per¬ ilous situation and acted both cautiously and prudently. He found reasoning of no avail, for the Indians seemed elated over their op¬ portunity and determined that the soldiers should not make any further progress through their country. There was nothing for the soldiers to do but to retreat. This was done, but they were followed closelv bv the Indians.

HISTORY OF SPOKANE COUNTY.

33

and insulted as far as abusive language could do it. Colonel Steptoe was determined that the Indians should make the attack. The Palouses were the first to fire. On the 18th a desperate battle took place, with the Indians at least five times as numerous as the United States soldiers. During the first attack, which was a savage one, Captain Oliver H. P. Taylor and Lieutenant William Gaston were killed. Colonel Steptoe exercised extraor¬ dinary military skill to save his men. The soldiers assembled on an elevation from which they could see the surrounding hills swarming with savages thirsting for blood. The horses, saddled and bridled, were pick¬ eted, while the men laid flat on the ground which was the most advantageous way to pre¬ vent charges. The consciousness of danger and apparent helplessness made it difficult to imbue courage into the soldiers. The dark¬ ness of the night proved a bessing in the emergency. When the shadows had covered the hills and ravines, after burying as many of