CRLSSI

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 98

THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS

BY

HARRY C. OBERHOLSER Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IssvED JuNE 30, 1917.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins.

The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthro- pology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes.

The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and cata- logues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable.

Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Contribu- tions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins.

The present work forms No. 98 of the Bulletin series.

RicHarRp RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum.

Wasuinaton, D.C., June 12, 1917. ii

Tntroduction Bibliography Physiography Itinerary

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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Birds of the Anamba Islands

Check-list of the Birds of the Anamba Islands...............--.-..----- Pe AON Of DirGs, DY IANS. . 22 se se coe ce ec SSeS See die eS dese oe

Pulo Rittan Pulo Piling Pulo Riabu Pulo Siantan Pulo Mobur Pulo Mata Pulo Kelong Pulo Manguan Pulo Telaga Pulo Jimaja

Faunal Relationships of the Anamba Islands Annotated list of birds Fregatidae Ardeidae Buteonidae renarlidae Charadriidae

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THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

By Harry C. OBERHOLSER, Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

Dr. W. L. Abbott was the first ornithological collector to visit the Anamba Islands of the South China Sea. Accompanying him was Mr. C. Boden Kloss, who later published an account of the cruise with a nominal list of the birds of these islands.1 This trip was made in the summer and autumn of 1899. During the summer of the following year Doctor Abbott again visited these islands. As one of the results of these two excursions Doctor Abbott sent back to the United States National Museum a collection of 212 birds, repre- senting 44 species and subspecies, which has proved to be of much interest.

The following report on the avifauna of the Anamba Islands is based entirely on Doctor Abbott’s specimens, his manuscript notes, and the data published by Mr. Kloss.? Nineteen new subspecies are here described from the Anamba Islands in addition to the two hitherto published.2 Two others—one from the Seychelles, the other from the Andaman Islands—are also named incidentally in the fol- lowing pages.*

In the preparation of this contribution the writer has enjoyed the facilities of the United States National Museum, and the cordial cooperation and assistance of the assistant curator of the Division of Birds, Dr. Charles W. Richmond. The writer is also personally indebted to Doctor Abbott for geographical and other information concerning the Anamba Islands.

All measurements are in millimeters, and have been taken as explained in the writer’s recent paper on Butorides virescens.’ The names of colors employed in the descriptions are based, except where otherwise stated, on Mr. R. Ridgway’s recently published Color

1Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, pp. 53-80.

2Tdem, pp. 68-80.

3 Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, Feb. 25, 1911, p. 602; and Collocalia fuciphaga amechana Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Mar. 6, 1912, p. 13.

4See pp. 16 and 24.

5 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 533.

70536°—Bull. 98—17——1 L

2 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Standards and Nomenclature. All species not represented in the collection by specimens, but included solely on the authority of Doctor Abbott or Mr. Kloss are prefixed with an asterisk.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The only published notes on the birds of the Anamba Islands occur in the following papers:

Kross, C. Bopen.—Notes on a Cruise in the Southern China Sea. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 41, January, 1904, pages 53-80.

OpEeRHOLSER, Harry C.—A Monograph of the Genus Collocalia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, April (July 26), 1906, pages 177-212.

OBERHOLSER, Harry C.—A Monograph of the Flycatcher Genera Hypothymis and Cyanonympha. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 39, February 25, 1911, pages 585-615.

OseRHOLSER, Harry C.—A Revision of the Forms of the Edible Nest Swiftlet, Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunberg). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 42, March 6, 1912, pages 11-20.

OBERHOLSER, Harry C.—A Synopsis of the Races of the Crested Tern, Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 49, December 23, 1915, pages 515-526,

pl. 66. PHYSIOGRAPHY.

The Anamba Islands are situated in the southern portion of the South China Sea, between the Natuna Islands and the Malay Penin- sula. The center of the group les approximately in latitude 3° north and in longitude 106° east; and in an air line is about 140 miles from the nearest point of the Malay Peninsula, 225 miles from Borneo, 240 miles from Sumatra, 610 miles from Java, and 400 miles from the nearest part of the mainland of Cochin China.

There are about 20 principal islands, and possibly 200 more islets and rocks, spread over a geographical area some 55 miles east and west and 65 miles north and south. All fall roughly into three groups: A southern group, which includes Pulo Repon, Baua, Rittan, Riabu, Piling, and White Rock; a northern group, which includes Pulo Siantan, Mata, Mobur, Kelong, Minjalin, Panjang, > and Manguan; and a western group, made up of Pulo Jimaja, Telaga, Little Telaga, and Pulo Domar, with, as in the other groups, many islets and rocks.

Nearly all the islands are high and rocky, formed chiefly of hard rocks and laterite, and with a fringe of coral reefs about their bases. There are also many coral reefs between the islands; while the

1 Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912 (Jan. 16, 1913).

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 98 PL. 1

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SKETCH MAP OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 98 PL. 2

UPPER: COASTAL FOREST ON PULO JIMAJA, ANAMBA ISLANDS, THE HOME OF HORIZILLAS MAGNIROSTRIS AND AETHOPYGA SIPARAJA OCHROPYRRHA.

Lower: MANGROVES ALONG THE COAST OF PULO SIANTAN, ANAMBA ISLANDS.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 3

islands of the main, or northern, group—Siantan, Mata, Mobur, etc.—are virtually connected by them. The islands have many coastal indentations, and the numerous resulting bays and channels afford good anchorages. The soil of at least the larger islands is fairly fertile and supports nearly everywhere a good forest growth,! except where cleared for cultivation or the planting of coconut trees, These clearings are numerous along the coast of some of the larger islands, while from a few of the smaller islands the forest has entirely disappeared in this way.

Wild mammals are not numerous, and consist chiefly of various species of rats, squirrels, monkeys, tree shrews (Tupaia), and bats.

The climate of these islands, owing to frequent heavy rains and fresh breezes, is much cooler than that of Siam.

The population of the Anamba Islands is probably not over 3,000 or 4,000, made up mostly of Malays, with a few Chinese traders. The principal village is Terempa, on a little bay on the northwestern coast of Pulo Siantan. ~ It is inhabited chiefly by Chinese, who have here many shops.

The island of Jimaja, or Pulo? Jimaja, the largest of the group, is about 14 miles in length north and south, about 9 miles wide, and has an area of approximately 47 square miles. The surface is uneven, and there are many peaks over 700 feet high, the greatest elevation being 1,530 feet. The coast line is very irregular, and there are consequently numerous bays. In places along the coast there are swampy areas of limited extent grown up to mangroves. There are a number of streams on the island, also a few low water- falls and pools, the latter merely rocky basins in the stream beds.

Pulo Siantan, in the eastern part of the Anamba Archipelago, is the second largest island, with an area of about 31 square miles. It is rough and hilly, and rises at one point to an altitude of 1,855 feet. There are some small streams on this island, and on the north- eastern coast a waterfall about 400 feet high. This island is heavily forested, and has also patches of mangroves in places along its coast.*

Pulo Telaga, or Peaked Island, is a conspicuous object in the sea between the northern and western groups, and is surrounded by a number of smaller islands. It is a narrow wooded ridge, about 5 miles long, extending north and south, and has near its northern end a picturesque peak 1,740 feet in height.

Pulo Mata and Pulo Mobur, which lie a short distance north of Pulo Siantan, are among the larger islands, and do not differ in characteristics from those already described.

Pulo Kelong, northeast of Pulo Mata, is a narrow island some 5 miles in length and a mile or less in width east and west, with its ridge rising to a height of 600 or 700 feet.

1 See pl. 2, upper figure. 2“ Pulo*” is the Malay word for island. ’ See pl. 2, lower figure.

4. BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ITINERARY.

Doctor Abbott visited the following islands of the Anamba group on the dates given after each:

Pulo Rittan.—May 21, 1900.

Pulo Piling.—August 17, 1899.

Pulo Riabu.—August 18, 1899, and August 22-23, 1900.

Pulo Siantan.—Terempa, August 19-24, 1899; September 7-13, 1899; Telok Ayer Bini, September 5-6, 1899.

Pulo Mobur.—August 24 to September 1, 1899.

Pulo Mata.—August 24 to September 1, 1899.

Pulo Kelong.—September 1, 1899.

Pulo Manguan.—September 1-2, 1899.

Pulo Telaga.—September 14-15, 1899.

Pulo Jamaja.—September 17-28, 1899.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

The total number of birds, species and subspecies, at present known from the Anamba Islands is 56, of which Doctor Abbott re- ported 45 and Mr. C. B. Kloss the remaining 11.1 This is, of course, considering the area involved, not a large number, and doubtless will be greatly increased by future explorations. The Anamba group, however, seems not to be so rich in bird life as are the Natuna Islands, which lie much nearer Borneo. The complexion of its bird fauna may be seen from the subjoined

CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

. Fregata minor minor (Gmelin).

. Butorides javanicus javanicus (Horsfield).

. Demiegretta sacra sacra (Gmelin).

Cuncuma leucogasiris (Gmelin).

. Arenaria interpres oahuensis (Bloxham).

. Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin).

. Pagoa leschenaultii (Lesson).

. Cirrepidesmus atrifrons (Wagler). Totanus totanus ewrhinus Oberholser.

. Pisobia ruficollis (Pallas).

. Actitis hypoleuca (Linnaeus).

. Orthorhamphus magnirosiris (Vieillot).

. Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides (King).

. Sterna melanauchen melanauchen Temminck.

. Anous stolidus pileatus (Scopoli).

. Caloenas nicobarica (Linnaeus).

. Chaleophaps indica indica (Linnaeus).

. Myristicivora bicolor (Scopoli).

. Muscadivores aeneus polius Oberholser.”

. Dendrophassa vernans adina Oberholser .?

. Loriculus galgulus (Linnaeus).

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1 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatie Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79. 2 New subspecies; described beyond.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 5

22. Conurus longicaudus (Boddaert). 23. Urococcyx erythrognathus (Hartlaub). 24. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens Oberholser.

25. Alcedo ispida bengalensis Gmelin. 26. Ceyx rufidorsus rufidorsus Strickland. 27. Micropus subfurcaius (Blyth). 28. Collocalia lowi (Sharpe.) 29. Collocalia vestita amechana Oberholser. 30. Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stresemann. 31. Hemiprocne comata comaia (Temminck). 32. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli. 33. Hypurolepis javanica abbotti Oberholser.’ 34. Lanius cristatus Linnaeus. 35. Artamides sumatrensis calopolius Oberholser.! 36. Cyornis banyumas lampra Oberholser.! 37. Xanthopygia zanthopygia (Hay). 38. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser. 39. Aegithina viridissima thapsina Oberholser.' 40. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis Oberholser.! 41. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus Oberholser.! 42. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius Oberholser.! 43. Horizillas magnirostris (Moore). 44, Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis (Hartlaub). 45. Mixornis pileata zophera Oberholser.! 46. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila Oberholser.! 47. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna Oberholser.! 48. Orthotomus atrogularis Temminck. 49. Gracula javana prasiocara Oberholser.? 50. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus Oberholser.! 51. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus Oberholser.! 52. Motacilla boarula melanope Pallas. 53. Anthreptes malacensis anambae Oberholser.' 54. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis Oberholser.! 55. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha Oberholser.! 56. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum Oberholser.!

DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS BY ISLANDS.

So far as known, there is only a single species, Kittacincla mala- barica, which has more than one subspecies in these islands. In this case Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna occurs on tie southern Pulo Riabu and Pulo Piling; while Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila occu- pies the more northern islands. The bird of widest distribution in the Anamba Islands appears to be Cyornis banyumas lampra, for Doctor Abbott found it on 9 of the 10 islands that he visited. Next to this, Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus, Anthreptes malacensis anambae, and Acthopyga siparaja ochropyrrha were each found on 8 islands; Muscadivores aeneus polius on 7; Dendrophassa vernans adina on 6; Hypurolepis javanica abbotti, Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea, and Gracula javana prasiocara on 5 islands; and the following on 4: Cun- cuma leucogastris, Myristicivora bicolor, Alcedo ispida bengalensis,

1 New subspecies; described beyond. 3

6 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mizornis pileata zophera, Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila, Ortho- tomus atrogularis, and Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.

Lists of the birds found by Doctor Abbett on the different islands are given below.

PULO RITTAN.

Myristicwora bicolor.

Oyornis banyumas lampra.

Anthreptes malacensis anambae.

Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO PILING. Myristicwora bicolor. Cyorns banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.

PULO RIABU. Cuncuma leucogastris. Myristicivora bicolor. Muscadivores aeneus polius. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Collocalia low. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Mixornis pileata zophera. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.

PULO SIANTAN. Cuncuma leucogastris. Actitis hypoleuca. Muscadwores aeneus polvus. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Urococcyx erythrognathus. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Hypurolepis javanica abbotte. Cyornis banyumas lampra. AXanthopygua zanthopygia. Hypothymis agurea opisthocyanea. Aegithina viridissima thapsina. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Pyenonotus simpler halizonus. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

Horizillas magnirostris.

Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis. Mixornis pileata zophera.

Kattaconcla malabarica ochroptila. Orthotomus atrogularis.

Gracula javana prasiocara. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Aethopyga suparaja ochropyrrha. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum.

PULO MOBUR.

Chalcophaps wndica indica, Myristicwora bicolor.

Muscadwores aeneus polius, Dendrophassa vernans adina. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Orthotomus atrogularis.

Gracula javana prasiocara. Lampreocorax panayensis heterochlorus. Dissemurus paradiseus macrolophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum.

PULO MATA.

Arenaria interpres oahuensis. Currepidesmus atrifrons.

Pisobia ruficolls.

Thalasseus bergw pelecanordes. Sterna melanauchen melanauchen. Muscadwwores aeneus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens. Hypurolepis javanica abbottt. Artamides sumatrensis calopolius. Cyorns banyumas lampra. Horizillas magnirostris. Orthotomus atrogularis. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PULO KELONG.

Pagoa leschenaulti.

Cirrepidesmus atrifrons.

Thalasseus bergit pelecanoides. Sterna melanauchen melanauchen. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha

PULO MANGUAN.

Muscadivores aeneus polius. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Hypurolepis javanica abbotir. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Kittacinela malabarica ochroptila. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Motacilla boarula melanope. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO TELAGA. Cuncuma leucogastris. Actitis hypoleuca. Muscadwores aeneus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Hypurolepis javanica abbott. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Mixornis pileata zophera. Lamprocoraz panayensis heterochlorus. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO JIMAJA. Cuncuma leucogastris. Totanus totanus eurhinus. Muscadwores aeneus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Conurus longicaudus. Alcedo ispida bengalensis.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, Y

Ceyx rufidorsus rufidorsus. Collocalia vestita amechana. Hemiprocne longipennis harterti. Mirundo rustica gutturalis. Hypurolepis javanica abbotti. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus. Horizillas magnirostris.

Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis. Mixzornis pileata zophera. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila. Orthotomus atrogularis.

Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

The southern end of the South China Sea is hemmed in on the east by Borneo, and on the west by Sumatra and the Malay Penin- sula. To the south are the southeastern end of Sumatra, and, beyond the Java Sea, the island of Java; while to the north the nearest land mass is the mainland of Indo-China. Scattered all through the southern portion of the South China Sea are numerous small islands, the largest of which, Banka and Billiton, mark the transition to the Java Sea.

The avifaunal relationships of the Anamba Islands are, as would be expected, with the small islands of the adjacent waters, and with the five large land areas above mentioned. A brief analysis will aid in determining to which of the latter the Anamba Islands are most closely affined. Of the 56 birds now known from the Anamba group, the following 11 are migrants from the north, do not breed here, and hence are to be disregarded in faunal comparisons:

Arenaria interpres oahuensis. .

Pluvialis dominica fulva.

Pagoa leschenaultir.

Cirrepidesmus atrifrons.

Totanus totanus eurhinus.

Pisobia ruficollis.

Actitis hypoleuca.

Hirundo rustica gutturalhis.

Lanius cristatus.

Xanthopygia zanthopygia.

Motacilla boarula melanope.

10 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The remaining 45 species and subspecies may properly form the basis of our faunal deductions. There are not yet sufficient data for entirely satisfactory comparison of the birds of the various islands or groups of islands in the Anamba archipelago; but so far as I can see from our present knowledge there is very little difference between the individual islands, or between the islands of the eastern and western or northern and southern parts of the group. My treatment here is, therefore, of the Anamba Islands as a faunal whole.

Fifteen species, or rather their subspecific representatives, are pe- culiar to the Anamba Islands, as follows:

Muscadivores aeneus polius.

Dendrophassa vernans adina.

Collocahia vestita amechana.

Artamides sumatrensis calopolus.

Cyornis banyumas lampra.

Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis.

Pycnonotus simplex halizonus.

Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius.

Mixornis pileata zophera.

Kittacencla malabarica heterogyna.

Gracula javana prasiocara.

Mssemurus paradiseus microlophus.

Anthreptes malacensis anambae.

Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis.

Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum.

Of these, the nearest relatives of 7 are found in the Malay Penin- sula; of 4 on Sumatra; of 4 on Borneo; of 2 on Java; and of 1 in Indo- China.!

Subspecies of 6 other species are, outside of the Anamba Islands, confined to some of the other small islands of the South China Sea, chiefly the Natuna Islands, the Tambelan Islands, Pulo Tioman, and Karimata Island. These subspecies are:

Hypurolepis javanica abbott.

Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea.

Aegithina viridissima thapsina.

Kittaeincla malabarica ochroptila.

Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.

Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

Of these, 6 find their nearest relatives in the Malay Peninsula, 1 on Sumatra, 1 on Borneo, 1 on Java, and none in Indo-China.

The remaining 24 Anamba birds belong to more or less wide ranging Asian, Indo-Malayan, Kast Indian, Polynesian, Australian, Old World tropical, or tropicopolitan species. Twenty-two of these

1 In this, as in the following enumeration, it is necessary to explain that the nearest relative of some of the Anamba birds occurs in more than one of the five areas above mentioned.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. Lt

occur in the Malay Peninsula; 22 on Sumatra; 21 on Borneo, 14 on Java; and 11 in Indo-China.

It will readily be seen by examination of these facts that the Anamba Islands, in so far at least as their avifauna indicates, are most closely related to the Malay Peninsula; less so but about equally to Sumatra and Borneo; still less to Java, and only compara- tively slightly to Indo-China.

The data on the faunal relationships of Anamba birds given in the above paragraphs may be more graphically presented in the follow- ing table. In this the first column is reserved for endemic forms; in the other columns occurrence of the Anamba birds themselves is indicated by an asterisk (*); and of their nearest relatives by a

dagger (fT). Faunal relationships of the resident birds of the Anamba Islands.

' g \s A alg Sale dj Name. $3/ 0 g BS/H 1s Sane Sal} mb] 2 = esis 5.9| 3 a 3 g 3 = in| ous (eee esti es Oy VS mh leo 18 EGO CE TIVUTLON MUS ILON se = erm ee too eieiel= hae 2 =e ata nie i= elem eine eimialnialeisle a= anim ielale n= See acta ise All eee | eee Butorides javanicus javanicus..........--.-------- +002 ee ee eee ete eter eee PEEPS ree stir || eka eae DUCT ACU TEER UCN) SUCTO Ae pects noes Senile orice = = steimie ancien ainisiem = miata eimjereor min ee ee eee een |e ce PEILILCUIIU LEWCOGUSENISA w= see ae bobo sc eee es ssc sae seee ee eeinee tee scekns asim: <a SA AR | ec ail aa are Vee Orthorhamphus magnirostris......-.-.--------+-+ +020 eee eee eer PE ee |e eo et ae cee Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides.......--.------- +--+ +-- eee ee eee eee e eee eA ali ea aba Sterna melanauchen melanauchen..........-..------ eee eee neers Ace ckie Bees tae aoe a aes Anous stolidus pileatus ....-.-..----------- +2222 once n nen e een e eee e ene e estes sess | see lab aE! a ea lee TIDCTLUG TUL ODOT ICU eee nce bee ee eae aioe See ors ee aioe eee isles eiate ae etelstaimrsiate paceall ee | eterel tet ean Chalcophaps indica indica ...--..-.----+--2---2--202 52 ee een e nee e eee nesters Bed en Ce ee eal * PA eMPaGA UOT DICOLOT ener se Stale eee antnia wma aie oe meh eeale taal > mlm ta intel wet =n ele etna Reali Gee ete eA ES A Ce Muscadivores aeneus polius.......----------0-2-2-- 22 eee eee e eee e eet teense Artie ray ata ees eet Dendrophassa vernans adind.......------------+--- +2222 eee teeter x I Seat llselobaerere FOTOS IG BIG UULUSe = = role emis ee ee etal = See ale tain in a lesete =(eaia = miemynialn (ela mee or alia eee ee A ee Rees ears COnMTUSILONGICUUMUS.- 2-2-2522 oe fen nciseicciee cone see ceieenine- = eae esrece see ER eee | eae eee Urococcys erythrognathus....-...--------- 2-2-2222 eee eee enter tee Doi |e | ee aS | cean [ee Sauropatis chloris cyanescens........--------+-+2- 202 -e eee eee eerste Soa al eee Leen sisters Alcedo ispida bengalensis.......---.--------2------2=----- es ees esse cee nes ea cee cea |e Ceyx Tufidorsus TUSIGOTSUS......---- 2-2-2 2- oe nonce cence eee eee e eens fa) | Ree eee nae eee Micropus subfurcatus......-----2-2--- 222-22 2ce sen enecerecee == se sesee Baleares * Collnen tin owis es. ss geek nsee Espace eae Ne © ONS Fee om ae eens ene Eells OTD CTI UEDERESTON CG TIBECI GILG sone os coeeiteie ici siete nee inte Se reele ie eats w acim ereintels ervici=ise f= alisio.c1=| minnie Pe Wesets Hemiprocne longipennis harterti..........--------------+--2-22 222222 BCE ss ee Hemiprocne comata comata.........-.--+--+-+----+- 222 eect ere eee eee ee ea ete Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.........-.------ 02-220 - eee ere eee neers eee eee ee pe eee) erterall alee ei Ariamides sumatrensis calopolius.......----------+--+--+--2 eee e etter ee ail eisfyr ek See ee eb everoee Cyornis banyumas lampra....-.---------- 22-22 e ener erent i let pel Soce| esl a one Hypothymis azwrea opisthocyaned 1. ......--.0----- 2-02 eee eee enter e tec | oe as 1 eet ato ats Aegithina viridissima thapsinad).........-.---------- +2222 eee eset eee rete Hore Slee cal tone se Pycnonotus plumosus chiropethis.......--.+-----+--+-2+220e- eter eet eee eee * 1 a Peele Pycnonotus simpler halizonus.......-.+---------- +022 eee reece enter tet lee Lock leseeloeee Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius.....---------- 202-22 e cece eee eee eter eees Heeceet arpia] Cenacle eiererapereier Horizillas magnirostris. .-.. 2-22 2222-22 22 22 eee een ene eee nnn ener enee eee We sa | Ol me ae tT Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis....-...------------+-+22e tees ttre ret t tee eee ental ser) See Bane Seta Mizornis pileata zopherd......-..2-----002ee2eee eon enone cence eeseceneeeerenes BRIG | Ss PR SE as SI ee Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila\........-.-.-------------2-- 2-2 eee eee (eres Neale | sete sctel sae seers Kittacincla malabarica heterogynd....-..-----------+------e 2c eee eee Pee a Pecan lactose os Orthotomus atrogularis.:.....-.----.-------220- 2-202 -o sneer esos sees son er senses ope NE al pero eit ates mick Gracula javana prasiocara.....---.--- 2-2-2222 eee eee ee eee eee ete eect e renee AD | srse ttn mit Ty sae Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus \.......----------+--++--++-- 2222 t ere er tee eee leita |aiette ie sn et Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus .....-.---------2e0e cere eee e eee e ester He eae oC ed iy emer Anthreptes malacensis anambae......---------+-+-- 2-02 e cree erent tere |e ie UE ete aL Jone Cinnyris brasiliana ewmecis ....-....---------20--e eee eee cee eee e teens te scenes (eat | atid ern areal er pent: Aethopyga siparaja ochropytrhd1.......---------+- 2-22 eee enter tee teee eS he loses |ossclemec Ser Dicaewm trigonostigmum hypochlowm.......-.------+-+0--0-2 eee eect eet ete Po Coon Saeele eee aaa Totals (including both Anamba forms and nearest relatives).....--.----- 15 | 37 | 26 | 17 | 27) 12 |

1 Occurs on only the Anamba group and other small islands in the southern part of the South China Sea.

12 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS. Family FREGATIDAE.

* FREGATA MINOR MINOR (Gmelin).! [Pelecanus] minor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 572 (no locality: type region designated by Rothschild as eastern half of Indian Ocean). Observed in the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,? but not reported by Doctor Abbott. Family ARDEIDAE.

* BUTORIDES JAVANICUS JAVANICUS (Horsfield). Ardea Javanica Horsrie.p, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 13, 1821, p. 190 (Java).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.?

* DEMIEGRETTA SACRA SACRA (Gmelin). [Ardea] sacra GmE.IN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 640 (Tahiti Island, Society Islands).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.? Family BUTEONIDAE.

* CUNCUMA LEUCOGASTRIS (Gmelin). [Falco] leucogaster GmELin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 257 (no locality: type-locality given by Mathews as New South Wales, Australia).

No specimens of this species were obtained, but it was observed by Doctor Abbott on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; on Pulo Siantan be- tween August 19 and September 13, 1899; on Pulo Telaga, September 14 to 15, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja between September 17 and 28, 1899.

Family ARENARIIDAE. ARENARIA INTERPRES OAHUENSIS (Bloxham). Tringa ochuensis BuoxHaM, in Byron’s Voy. Blonde, Sandwich Ids., 1826, p. 251 (Sandwich [i. e. Hawaiian] Islands).

One male, No. 171011, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 235 mm. This specimen is apparently immature; and it is molting some of the wing feathers.

Mr. Mathews is apparently quite right in separating the Pacific turnstone from that of Europe,’ for it differs from the latter, as he says, in smaller size and deeper shade of the chestnut-colored por- tions of the upper surface. The earliest available name is that selected by Mr. Mathews and here used. It might be well to men- tion, however, that if the date of Pallas’ ‘‘Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica”’ be 1811, as some contend, the proper subspecific designation of this turnstone would probably be cinclus, from Charadrius cinclus Pallas.*

1 Species prefixed with an asterisk are not represented in Doctor Abbott’s collection. 2 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80.

8 Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 5-10.

4 Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., vol. 2 (18117), 1826, p. 148 (Siberia).

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 13

Family CHARADRIIDAE.

* PLUVIALIS DOMINICA FULVA (Gmelin).

[Charadrius] fuluus GmEtin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 687 (Tahiti Island, Society Islands). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,! but not noted by Doctor Abbott.

PAGOA LESCHENAULTII (Lesson).?

Charadrius Leschenaultii Lesson, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 42, 1826, p. 36 (Pondi- chery, India).

Chiaradrius]. Geoffroyi WacLER, Syst. Avium, 1827, Charadrius, No. 19, p. 61 (Pondichery, India; and Java).

Three adults in winter plumage, as follows:

Male, No. 171033, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length, 209.5 mm. “Bill black; feet slaty.”

Male, No. 171032, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length, 219 mm. “Tris dark brown; bill black; tarsi slaty; toes blackish.”

Female, No. 171031, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length 203 mm. “Bill black; legs greenish slaty; toes blackish.”

All of these birds are in process of molt.

The present species is undoubtedly not a member of the same genus as is Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, the type of Hupoda. The use of the name Pagoa has already been explained.®

CIRREPIDESMUS ATRIFRONS (Wagler).

Ch{aradrius]. airifrons WacuER, Isis, 1829, p. 650 (Bengal, India).

Charadrius]. inconspicuus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, p. 651 (Bengal, India).

Charadrius pyrrhothorax Gou.p, Birds Europe, vol. 4, 1837, pl. 299.

Aegialitis pamirensis Ricamonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 18, July 25, 1896, p. 589 (Tagdumbash Pamir, central Asia).

Seven specimens:

Adult female, No. 171015, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 171034, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length, 197mm. ‘Feet blackish slaty; bill black.’

Immature male, No. 171035, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. ‘‘Feet dark slaty; iris dark brown.”

Male in juvenal plumage, No. 171018, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 203 mm.

Female in juvena] plumage, No. 171016, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 216 mm.

Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171014, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm.

1 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 2 For this change of specific name, see Mathews, ¥ mu, vol. 16, July, 1916, p. 34. * See Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 81-84.

14 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171017, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 184.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 171034, U.S.N.M.,, is practically adult except for the incompleteness of the cinnamon breast-band and collar, and the brown, black, and white mottled condition of the mask. The other immature male (No. 171035, U.S.N.M.), is identical with the adult female except for the presence of many dusky feathers on the white forehead.

The male in juvenal plumage (No. 171018) is apparently just like the three juvenal females, and has buffy-suffused lower parts and buffy-edged upper parts.

The specific name of this species must apparently undergo another change, as already indicated by Mr. G. M. Mathews,! and the bird now become Cirrepidesmus atrifrons (Wagler); since the Charadrius unconspicuus of Wagler,? the applicability of which was pointed out by the present writer some time ago ® is posterior to the Charadrius atrifrons of Wagler,t based evidently on the same species. The use of the generic term Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte for this bird is not an innovation here.®

Family SCOLOPACIDAE.

TOTANUS TOTANUS EURHINUS Oberholser.

Totanus totanus eurhinus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 207 (Lake Tsomoriri, Ladak).

One male, No. 171067, U.S.N.M., from Pulo oe September 24, 1899. panei 276.5 mma," aris ene brown; bill black, pale rad dish brown at base; feet orange; claws black.’’ This was obtained in an open place in a mangrove swamp.

PISOBIA RUFICOLLIS (Pallas).

Trynga ruficollis Patuas, Reis. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 700 (Dauria, Siberia).

Two specimens in autumn plumage:

Male, probably immature, No. 171013, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, peer 29, 1899. Length, 162 mm.

Adult male, No. 171012, U.S.N.M.: Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 159 mm.

Specimens of this species in autumn plumage are very difficult to distinguish with certainty from examples of Pisobia minuta in cor- responding state, but they are usually paler above, with upper tail- coverts more blackish, and have the lower surface more purely white, the breast less tinged with ashy.

1 Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 81. 4 Isis, 1829, p. 650. 2 Isis, 1829, p. 651. 5 Sae Mathews, Birds Ausiralia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. ’ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 207. 2, 1913, pp. 81-84.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, 15

Mr. Mathews has recently reduced this species to a subspecies of Pisobia minuta;’ but, as it seems to me, judging from the well- characterized differences between the two in summer plumage, upon quite insufficient grounds.

ACTITIS HYPOLEUCA (Linnaeus). [ Tringa] hypoleucos LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 149 (Sweden).

One adult male, No. 170931, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899. Length, 199.5 mm.; ‘‘feet pale greenish.” Doctor Abbott says that the species was common along the beach. He noted it also on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

A series of some 80 specimens of this species in the United States National Museum, covering all parts of its range, seems to show that there are no recognizable subspecies. Careful comparison of these specimens fails to reveal any difference in either size or color between birds from western Hurope and those from eastern Asia, notwithstanding their great geographical separation. Hence, the eastern form, Actitis hypoleuca aurita (Latham), recently somewhat hesitatingly recognized by Mr. Mathews,’ can not be maintained.

Family OFDICNEMIDAE.

* ORTHORHAMPHUS MAGNIROSTRIS (Vieillot).

Oedicnemus magnirostris ViE1LLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol. 23, 1818, p. 231 (Geoffroy MS.) (no locality).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.’ Family LARIDAE.

THALASSEUS BERGII PELECANCIDES (King).

Sterna pelecanoides Kine, Surv. Intertropical and West Coasts Aust., vol. 2, 1827, p. 422 (Australia).

Two specimens are in the collection, both nearly adult, but showing still some immaturity in the whitish crown, brown primaries, and a few brownish feathers in the wing-coverts.. One of these birds (No. 171029, U.S.N.M.) is molting some of the wing-quills.

Male, No. 171010, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899. Length 470 mm. ‘“‘Bill dirty yellow; iris dark brown; feet black.”

Male, No. 171029, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length 444.5 mm. ‘Bill greenish yellow; feet black, soles pale fleshy.”

Both of these examples belong unquestionably to the race inhabit- ing the East India Islands. For a discussion of the status of this form, as well as for the use of the generic name Thalasseus, consult the writer’s recent paper on Thalasseus bergia.*

1 Birds Australia, vol. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 250. 2 Idem, pp. 216-219.

3 Journ, Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 4 Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 23, 1915, pp. 515-526.

16 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

STERNA MELANAUCHEN MELANAUCHEN Temminck.

Sterna melanauchen Temmincx, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. d’Oiseaux, vol. 5, livr. 72, 1827, pl. 427 (coast of Celebes).

One specimen, No. 171030, U.S.N.M., Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. <A few of the wing-quills are in molt.

This example is identical with others from the Philippine Islands, Amoy (China), and Condore Island, and represents the typical form of the species, which was described from Celebes.1_ Birds collected by Doctor Abbott on the islands off the eastern coast of Africa, however, are easily separable subspecifically, and as they hitherto have escaped being named, all the synonyms of the species having been applied to the typical race, they may be known as

STERNA MELANAUCHEN PROVIDA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Sterna melanauchen melanau- chen, but upper parts lighter, the mantle of a paler gray; bill longer; wing, tail, and tarsus shorter.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 128756, U.S.N.M.; Provi- dence Bank, 300 miles southwest of the Seychelles, north of Mada- gascar; August 17, 1892; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Crown, hind neck, upper tail-coverts, tail, sides of head and neck, with entire lower parts, including under side of wings, pure white; a spot on lores, and a broad postocular band, broadening posteriorly and uniting with its fellow across the occiput, black; back, rump, scapulars, and exposed surface of wings, very pale pearl gray, this color showing faintly as a narrow stripe along the shafts on the inner webs of the outer few primaries, increasing on the rest of the wing-quills, which are tipped and margined broadly on inner webs with white; outer web of first (outermost) primary all but tip and extreme base blackish slate; bill and feet black.

All the four specimens available present little individual variation in either color or size, except, as is, for obvious reasons, often the case with terns, in the length of the tail-feathers. There seems to be in this species no size difference of consequence between males and females.

The geographic range of Sterna melanauchen provida comprises the islands of Aldabra and Providence, with doubtless the neighboring islands off the east African coast, north at least to the Seychelles. The range of the typical form, Sterna melanauchen melanauchen, extends probably from the Andaman Islands and Sumatra to the Liu Kiu Islands, Polynesia, and Australia.

The subjoined measurement tables will serve to show the size differences between the two races here defined.

1Temminck, Nouv. Ree. Planch. Col. d’Oiseaux, vol. 5, livr. 72, 1827, pl. 427.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, Ti

Measurements of specimens of Sterna melanauchen provida.

6 iB so ¢ ZB =| oie g 3 or | na 8 HS

: Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. = ; ogi el a a | 8 | = led! 2 na 2 A cI KHOI s p ei/EFl/a ia imliea

| |

128758 | Male....| Providence Island,300 | Aug. 17,1892 | W. L. Abbott.|330. 2/..... 129 |38.5/50 | 16.5 miles southwest of the Seychelles.

TOS TOO a ee CONS e Nace h Or aio ciigg = coioh eal mye, doses -|stee Oe seeeae = 327 |214 {132 |39 (50.5) 16.5 128757 | Female -|..... OT ee eee nec aeed seers GE Ree esa esase Gor ee-sie 223.9/215 |126. 5/35. 5/46. 5) 17 128759 |...do....| Aldabra Island, In- | Nov. 29, 1892 |....- One pee ee 298. 5/213 |105 /36. 5/47. 5) 16.2 dian Ocean. ALVOTALe Ol 4iSPECIINONS «2.2 saccca ace cecininclein seme siccinide Joy ee eee s 3h 294.9/214 |123. 1/37. 4/48. 6) 16.6

Measurements of specimens of Sterna melanauchen melanauchen.

200769 | Male....| Basilan Straits, Philip- | Apr. 19,1906 | E. A. Mearns..|..... 216 |126. 5/36. 5/47 | 18.5

pine Islands. 200168) |2=-G0.~-<5 ECOssie= caminecee oes eeties GOs ee ese ls ees Ors ste oaee |e ee 227 |135 35. 5/46. 5) 18.5 107660 | Female .| Condore Island, China | ——-——,,1867 | M. Germain...!..... 218 {127 |33 |43° | 17.5

Sea 200763 |...do..... Basilan Straits, Philip- 136 |36. 5/47. 5| 19.5 pine Islands.

MOTE 2N sdOs. fe |oos.4 Oren ee Ree Ss oe 152 |34 1/45 | 19

200764 |... 133 |32. 5/43. 5| 18 200766 |... - Sees 136 (33 |44 | 18 PAOIGSs bee G One ccs) = sn ee OO eens cececinac ecco cole do ..do 1 {141 [35 (47.5) 18.5 HFLOSO NE ce re sti - “Pulo icclaa Anamba | Aug. 30,1899 | W. L. Abbott.|311. 2)226 |..... 32. 5/44 | 19.5 Islands. | Mveraro nt Grpocimions.. i 2c... .2.08eee i ac fad atu cneecfeece 220. 8.135. $34 3/45. 3) 18.6 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

* ANOUS STOLIDUS PILEATUS (Scopoli).

Sterna pileata Scorout, Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 92, No. 73 (Philippine Islands).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by Mr. C. B. Kloss.* Family CLARAVIIDAE.

* CALOENAS NICOBARICA (Linnaeus). [Columba] nicobarica Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss, but not ob- tained by Doctor Abbott.

CHALCOPHAPS INDICA INDICA (Linnaeus). [Columba] indica Linnarvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (eastern India).

One specimen, No. 170992, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Length, in flesh, 254 mm. ‘‘Feet, dark purple red; bill, coral red; cere, dull purple.” This bird is apparently identical in size and color with specimens from the Malay Peninsula.

3 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 4Idem, p. 79. 70536°—Bull. 98—17 2

18 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family TRERONIDAK.

MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli).

Columba bicolor Scorout, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 94 (New Guinea).

Five specimens in perfect plumage, although the white areas are more or less soiled:

Adult female, No. 174663, U.S.N.M; Pulo Rittan, May 21, 1900. Length, 400 mm. “Bill blue, black at tip; feet pale blue, claws black.”

Adult female, No. 170901, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 394 mm.

Adult male, No. 170902, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 394 mm.

Adult male, No. 170900, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 381 mm.

Adult male, No. 170908, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 407.5 mm. “Iris dark brown; bill pale blue, black at tip; feet light blue, claws black.”’

These all appear to be identical, both in size and color, with birds from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Sumatra. Two of our birds, Nos. 170900 and 170901, have a few spots of blackish on the lower tail-coverts, but the others have this part immaculate. Doctor Abbott says that on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899, this species was “common, feeding in flocks of 12-15 upon wild fruit trees.” On an islet off Pulo Mobur, from August 24 to September 1, 1899, a few individuals came to roost at night. This pigeon was seen also on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.

MUSCADIVORES AENEUS POLIUS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Muscadivores aeneus aeneus, from Borneo, but averaging somewhat smaller, tail more greenish (i. e., less bluish); pileum and nape paler, more grayish (less vinaceous) ; and lower parts slightly paler.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170923, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 20, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, throat, and cervix, vinaceous gray, the lower part of the cervix nearly pure gray; chin, extreme anterior part of forehead, and orbital ring, cream white; remaining upper parts metallic bluish green, with a strong bronzy sheen; tail bluish green, with a slight metallic sheen, the middle pair of rectrices most decidedly blue; tertials metallic green like the back; primaries and secondaries dull brown on basal two-thirds of inner half of inner webs, glaucous green- ish slate color on remaining portions, the outer vanes of secondaries

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 19

with more or less metallic green gloss; primary coverts and exterior greater coverts greenish slate with some metallic green on outer webs; rest of wing-coverts metallic green like the back; crissum deep maroon-chestnut; remainder of inferior parts cinereous with a slight vinaceous tinge, particularly on lower breast and abdomen; under surface of wing-quills fuscous; lining of wing plumbeous; ‘iris dark red; eyelids deep red; bill leaden; cere purplish red; feet purplish; claws leaden.’

This new subspecies is similar to Muscadwores aeneus chalyburus, from the Philippine Islands, but differs in having the gray of the head less sharply defined from the metallic green of the back; the posterior lower parts less vinaceous (more clearly grayish); the upper surface of the tail nearly always brighter, less glaucous, more bluish green. All the Anamba Islands specimens are fairly uniform in characters, though two of them, No. 170925, U.S.N.M. and No. 174669, U.S.N.M., have the tail above less bluish than the others, thus approaching Muscadiwvores aeneus chalyburus. Males and females are identical in color. The colors of the soft parts in a male from Pulo Mata (No 171019, U.S.N.M.) are given as follows: ‘‘Bill leaden, pale at tip, dark at base; cere dull purple; feet purple.’ The same in a female from Pulo Siantan (No. 176924, U.S.N.M.) are: ‘‘Iris dark red; eyelids red; feet purple, soles pale brownish; bill leaden; cere red- dish.” The weight in flesh of each of two males (No. 170925, and No. 170993, U.S.N.M.) is given as 14 pounds. Doctor Abbott men- tions that he found the species common in the forest on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 138, 1899, and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. He observed it also on Pulo Manguan, fep- tember 1-2, 1899, and on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899.

Measurements of all the specimens obtained are subjoined.

Measurements of specimens of Muscadivores aeneus polius.

| es | 3dl 4 } oa a no wa | . - ~ ee oD . ° 2 on Sex. Loeality. Date. Collector. oF A a ag g

oes Ea e=-| 5 |} a |fo| &

171057 | Male....| Pulo Telaga, An- | Sept. 14,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott ./412.8)240 |142 | 26 | 32

171019 | Male....| Pulo Mata, Anamba} Aug. 29, 1899 peso GO serene emanicls 419.1/226 j134 | 26 | 29 Islands.

170923 | Male.-...| Pulo Siantan, An- | Aug. 20,1899 |..... GOseere ssa eee 431.8|226 |141 | 25 | 30 amba Islands.? i

170926 | Male....|...-.- Gos ee ease a Sept. 11,1899 |..... dO.-sa5: = fae 409. 7/222 |137 | 22 | 32.5

170925 | Male....|....- OO sass escesee Sept. 12; 1899) Sasa Gwe: tscn ian eels 425. 5/228 |186.5) 28 | 31.5

170924 | Male....|....- Osos i sen nisece Aug. 21, 1899 |..... Gomesaasc-s=-e- 406.4/221 |140 | 21 | 29.5

Morera ORT MAIS 8 <1 oan e oat cea cas wiebewan se daebewce—ine ~Ceates 419. 6228. 3/139. 9] 23.6] 30.9

174669 | Female .| Pulo Riabu, An- | Aug. 23,1900 {..... dae ee 144.5|239 [152 | 23.5| 31

amba Islands.

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 1 Type.

20 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

DENDROPHASSA VERNANS ADINA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Dendrophassa’ vernans vernans, from the Philippine Islands, but much larger; male duller, averaging less greenish above, and of a decidedly paler yellow on abdomen; female averaging duller, much less greenish (more plumbeous) above, and much paler, duller, less greenish and yellowish below, the center of abdomen generally whitish.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171020, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, Anamba Islands, August 29, 1899 ;DoctorW.L. Abbott. Pileum, sides of head, chin, and throat, plumbeous, rather darker on occiput, the post-ocular region washed with vinaceous; a collar around hind neck and jugulum, broadening on the sides of the throat and neck, vina- ceous heliotrope; interscapulum, back, scapulars, and rump, dull olive green, with a plumbeous wash, and rather brighter posteriorly ; upper tail-coverts isabella color, gradually merging into the olive green of rump; tail slate gray, with a broad subterminal band of black, and tipped narrowly with slate color; wing-quills, except ter- tials, slate black, the outer primaries brownish black distally, all the guills shading inwardly into slate gray basally; tertials and wing- coverts grayish olive green, like the back, the bend of wing washed with plumbeous, the greater coverts and tertials conspicuously mar- gined distally on outer webs with pale yellow; chest tawny ochra- ceous; lower breast and upper abdomen light yellowish apple green; sides deep plumbeous washed with greenish; lower abdomen and flanks sulphur yellow, the latter broadly streaked with greenish slate color; lower tail-coverts ight reddish chestnut ; under surface of wing, including wing-coverts and axillars, slate gray.

Doctor Abbott obtained six males and five females from the islands of Siantan, Mata, Mobur, and a small islet near Pulo Mobur. The males show no differences in color between specimens from the differ- ent islands, although there is some individual variation in the depth of shades both above and below. The same ts true of the females, but the individual variation in them is more marked. One female, No. 170928, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, is much more greenish above than any of the others, as well as darker below and washed with brownish across the breast; and it is evidently immature, as the tawny-tipped feathers on the sides of the neck indicate. According to data on the labels of the males, the iris is sometimes red, some- times in two rings, the inner blue, the outer pink; the feet ‘‘red” or ‘‘dark red; ‘‘bill leaden; cere yellow.’”” Females have the iris yel- low, the feet red. On the islet off the coast of Pulo Mobur, where Doctor Abbott took some of these birds, hundreds of them roosted regularly.

1 For the change of the generic name Osmoireron Bonaparte to Dendrophassa Gloger, see Oberholser, Smiths. Misc, Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 2.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 21

The species was common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899; abundant on Pulo Mobur, August 24 to September 1, 1899; observed on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899.

Following are measurements of all the specimens taken:

Measurements of specimens of Dendrophassa vernans adina.

; | | | Z iS | ae | | | | 3 tae U.S.N-M. Sex | Locality. Date. Collector. | & Bt oe No. | | | : a a | | |= | bo . job] 3 | Se este lee, er Tee | | | So S SB | a | | a = a P & | | min.) mm.' rie. weanpB 170990....| Male....| Isletnear Pulo Mobur,} Aug. 26,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott.|279. 4 153.5| 92 |19 [23 Anamba Islands. | | | | O989- stad Ose: a] Xzc GOs 55-0 sees eae dawet Seal wamig. ee seee: a 285.8149 | 87 |19 [24 B7O987os=-| 5. -00...~.- AOU. Sakae eee hie if ces MO: 2. 5. ci. parts GOES Jose cet 273 |153 | 8b. 5/18 \23. 5 POV) he} SAO. 0, “Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 12,1899 |..... donesses seen 304. 8/155 | 94 118,5/24.5 ba Islands. 1710202...}...do..... Pulo Mata, Anamba | Aug. 29,1899 |..... Gs SI BIE ee 161 |100 |17.5/24 : Tslands. i | PPM DA iva | ie Ove one Oe aoe oe cc aioe I ome GO! sae [ees dO s 5 ees 292 151.5 91.5 18.53 jaa tes eat SS Average of t males.............. fre Ra OS: es URE an HELE Pn SO 287. 0)153. 8} 91. 8/13, 4|23. 7 170991... .| ee Pulo Mobur, Anamhba {| Aug. 26,1899 { Dr. W. L. Abbott. |279, 41151 | 84 j18 |25 i Islands. | A7OSSe |. |! doses. : Islet near Pulo Mobur,|.....do:.....-.|.-J.- gs a A och 153. 5196 |16. 5123.5 | Anamba Islands. | 170927....|...do. Meant Puio Siantan, Anam- Sept. 101soo Ee domescn- coe 266. 7|147.5 80 j17 122.5 | ba Islands. fet a | ATOOOS So ado des. [Po Ia sate soe | Sept. 11,1899 |..... dois. Daa 273 144.5) 85 |17 [24 TROGZ9 a) o OL oo 2-|- 252 GOs en ses abeciee S| OGD Und as O09) |e CO! hem ohare slavernat (273 158 ; (9 |17 23. 5 PO MOLAE ETON MOI CS ee ahs, Secteoeeccmie eS ee oe MERE eee a sae eRe 273. 0)150.9 84. 8/17. es 3 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

Family PSITTACIDAE. *LORICULUS GALGULUS (Linnaeus). [Psittacus] Galgulus Linnagus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 103 (India).

Reported from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.’

CONURUS LONGICAUDUS (Boddaert).! Rsittacus longicauda BoppaErt, Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., 1783, p. 53 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

A single adult, No. 171068, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Jimaja, September 27, 1899. Length, 432 mm. “Iris in two rings—the inner green, the outer yellowish white; feet green; upper mandible red, horn brown at tip; lower mandible hor ny brown.’ This specimen is rather more bluish above than birds from the Malay Penimsula and

Sumatra, but such is probably only individual variation. Doctor Abbott states that the species was common on Pulo Jimaja.

3 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79. 4 For the change of generic name from Pelacornis to Conurus, see Mathews, Novit. Zool., vol. 18, 1953 pe tt.

22 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family CUCULIDAE.

UROCOCCYX ERYTHROGNATHUS (Hartlaub).

Phoenicophaeus erythrognathus Hartiaus, Syst. Verz. Naturhist. Samml. Ge- sellschaft Mus. [Bremen], pt. 1, 1844, p. 95 (Sumatra).

One adult male, No. 170932, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, taken in heavy forest, September 11, 1899. Length 477 mm.; ‘iris blue; naked orbital skin red; bill green, base dull red; feet dark leaden.” In both size and color it is identical with birds from the Malay Penin- sula.

Dr. C. Parrot’s recent reference of this species to the genus Rham- phococcyx ' is not valid, since Urococcyx is generically distinct, as the structure of the nostrils well shows.

Family ALCEDINIDAE.

SAUROPATIS CHLORIS CYANESCENS Oberholser.

Sauropatis chloris cyanescens OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, Feb- ruary 8, 1917, p. 189 (Pulo Taya, eastern Sumatra).

Two specimens of this recently described race are in the collec- tion—an adult male from Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899; and an immature male from Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899. The latter is rather more greenish on the upper parts than the adult, has the crown somewhat more brownish, the forehead with whitish edgings, the white feathers of the breast tipped with dusky; and it is also somewhat smaller. Both examples are indistinguishable from Bornean specimens. Doctor Abbott saw this kingfisher also on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 138, 1899.

The generic name Sauropatis Cabanis and Heine is, as already shown,” the proper one for the present species. Of the generic dis- tinctness of this group from Halcyon and Entomothera* there can be little doubt.

Measurements of specimens of Sauropatis chloris cyanescens.

| | |

ledea \ S heed . eee Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. fore 8 G Slee ee H/F lea ia |e

| | | | | | | |

171022....| Male, | Pulo Mata, Anamba | Aug. 28,1899 |.....do............- 254 |108.5| 66 | 41.5) 17 im. Islands.

i 1 | |

1 Abhandl. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., IT K1., vol. 24, 1 Abth., 1907, p. 185. 2 Mathews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, pp. 108-109; Obcrholser, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, February 8, 1917, p. 189. 3 See Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, May 18, 1915, p. 642. « Measured in the flesh by the collector.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 23

ALCEDO ISPIDA BENGALENSIS Gmelin. [Alcedo] bengalensis GmEtin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 450 (Bengal, India). One immature male, No. 174699, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Riabu, August 22, 1900; length in flesh, 172 mm. Doctor Abbott reported this species tolerably common on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; noted it on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899; and on Pulo Manguan, September 1-2, 1899. Although difference in size appears to be the only distinction between Alcedo ispida ispida and Alcedo ispida bengalensis, the latter is quite enough smaller to warrant its recognition.

CEYX RUFIDORSUS RUFIDORSUS (Strickland).1 Ceyx rufidorsa StRICKLAND, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1846, p. 99 (Malacca).

One adult male, No. 171073, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Jimaja, Sep- tember 25, 1899. Length, 149 mm. ‘‘Iris dark brown; bill and feet coral red. The only one seen; shot on a small creek in jungle; stomach contained insects.”’

According to the geographical lines that Doctor Hartert has drawn,’ this bird should be true Ceyzx rufidorsus rufidorsus, but it is very small for that form, as the wing measures only 57 mm., and the exposed culmen 33.5 mm. It is also paler below than specimens from other localities usually are. Possibly further examples from the Anamba Islands would show these differences to be subspecific.

The Indo-Malayan region from Java and Borneo westward, exclusive of most of the Philippine Islands, possesses the following six forms of this beautiful genus:

1. Ceyx rufidorsus rufidorsus Strickland (= Ceyx ewerythra Sharpe; = Ceyx rufidorsa robusta Parrot, Abhandl. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II K1., vol. 24, 1 Abth., 1907, p. 208). Southern Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Batu Islands, Linga Islands, Borneo, Labuan Island, Natuna Islands, Anamba Islands, and the southwestern Philippine Islands north and east to the islands of Mindoro and Sulu.

2. Ceyx rufidorsus innominatus Salvadori.—Islands of Java, Banka, Bali, Kangean, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba.

3. Oeyx dillwynni Sharpe (= Ceyz sharpei Salvadori).—Extreme southern Malay Peninsula (only eastern side ?), Kateman Island, Great Karimon Island, Nias Island (teste Salvadori), Borneo, Labuan Island, and southwestern Philippine Islands (Palawan).

4, Ceyx enopopygius Oberholser.—(Ceyx enopopygius Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 7 [Aru Bay, eastern Sumatra]). Eastern coast of Sumatra.

5. Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus (Pallas).—Ceylon, southern India, Nepal, and Lower Bengal; east to Bhutan, Assam, and the Burmese

1 As Doctor Hartert has shown (Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 431), the generic term Ceyz is of masculine, not feminine gender as commonly considered. 2 Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, pp. 430-431.

24. BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

provinces; south through the Malay Peninsula to the Mergui Archi- pelago and Malacca.

6. Ceyz tridactylus macrocarus, new subspecies.

Subspecifie characters.—Similar to Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus, but decidedly larger; the bluish black forehead spot at base of culmen much smaller, often wanting; and the pileum of a somewhat darker ferruginous.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 178555, U.S.N.M.; Great Nicobar Island, Nicobar Islands, March 14, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum and cervix ferruginous, strongly washed posteriorly and laterally with magenta; forehead on each side of the culmen with a spot of ochraceous buff; a conspicuous spot of pale canary yellow on each side of the neck; above this a spot of hyacinth blue; back hyacinth blue; scapulars and wings black, the scapulars, lesser and middle coverts broadly tipped with the same blue; the quills broadly margined interiorly except at tips with tawny ochraceous; bend of wing orange rufous; rump and upper tail-coverts magenta over orange rufous; tail ferruginous, the central feathers tipped with fuscous; chin white; rest of lower parts, including the lining of the wings, rich lemon yellow, paler on the throat, richer on the breast and sides of body; sides of head and neck the same but tinged with tawny; bill bright red.

Measurements..—Wing, 56-62 (average, 58.4) mm.; tail, 22-27.5 (24.3); exposed culmen, 33-35.5 (34.7); tarsus, 8-10 (9.1).

Geographic distribution.—Nicobar Islands; ? Andaman Islands.

All the names that have been applied to Ceyzx tridactylus? refer without doubt to the mainland form. All our specimens are from the Island of Great Nicobar, but Ceyz tridactylus macrocarus doubtless occurs on also other islands of the Nicobar group. I have seen no specimens of Ceyx tridactylus from the Andaman Islands, but the species occurs there, and will probably prove to be of the Nicobar form. There seem to be no differences in color, other than those already mentioned, between Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus and Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus. The small size of the blackish forehead spot is very noticeable in the former, so far as our specimens go; in six of our ten birds this marking is either absent or reduced to insignifi- cance, while in none of the others is it so large as is usual in Ceyz

1 No separation of males and females is here made, because their dimensions are practically alike.

2 These are:

Alcedo tridactyla Pallas, Spicel. Zool., fase. 6, 1769, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Surinam [!]; locality wrong; TI desig- nate Bengal, India, as type-locality).

Alcedo erythaca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 449 (Bengal, India).

Alcedo purpurea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 449 (Pondichery, India).

Ceyx luzoniensis Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. 13, pt. 2, 1825, p. 106 (new name for Alcedo tridac- tyla Shaw, Gen. Zool, vol. 8, 1811, p. 104).

Ceyx microsoma Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837 (Feb. 13, 1838) p. 89 (India Maderaspatana).

Boddaert’s Alcedo rubra (Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d’Hist. Nat., 1783, p. 48 [Madagascar], is sometimes quoted as asynonym of Ceyz tridactylus, but it is clearly the same as Ispidina madagascariensis (Linnaeus).

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 25

tridactylus tridactylus. The deeper shade of the pileum and cervix is not wholly constant, but is easily seen in a series. We have thus -in Ceyz tridactylus macrocarus another of the large dark races of birds, of which there are so many on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The difference in size, particularly of bill and wing, between this new form and typical Ceyzx tridactylus is very evident upon even superficial comparison. Eight specimens of Ceyz tridactylus tridac- tylus from various localities, including the Mergui Archipelago, measure as follows:

Wing, 53.5-56.5 (average, 55.2) mm.; tail, 19-27 (average, 22.6); exposed culmen, 29.5-33 (average, 31.6); tarsus, 6-8.5 (average, 7.7).

The United States National Museum series of Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus exhibits the following detailed measurements:

Measurements of specimens of Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus.

| | | |

|

| 5 Cats aoe Locality. Date. Collector. sa]. : | - ae B on oF 2 Plalk |: | EFlei|a |e

178557....| Male....| Great Nicobar I., Nico- Mar. 15,1901 | Dr. W. L. Abbott...) 57 | 24 | 35.5) 8.5

bar Is.

iSao0r ele Ole cctos ns GOs soe ses seee see Mar. 14,1901

Aisaobee 22) dOse2 | 252 GOR Re ks ee ee Mar. 30,1901 7 178562....| Female..)..... CObee sana ecacenssae M 12,1901 9. 178560. . Qantas moras GO xSoy eclssse Sos eee Mar. 9,1901 9. 178559. . GOSees ces GOee a epecereeen eats Mar. 8,1901 0 178561. . (GS -eoal baa GOser eaten eter [Peer Omer 9 W7Sb98e.2|---00-<.5-|----= GOES eae emecce nin See) Mar. 1D 1900) 9 ieogoss s| Sages. Paes 32 does ae eases. seo) Mariue7; 1901) | 57 | 22.5) 8. WSS 0se sel eases jeer GOP Rete es Seen eee cite dGmeren a: [eee aC Onese ance ats. pe 23 | 34 9

PAW OLR POMPE a net ene ee eR SR ek es Sete RR Oe bar Rae 58. i 2.3) 34. "| 9.1

1 Type.

Two groups which are quite as well characterized as many current genera of Alcedinidae compose at present the single genus Ceyz.? One of these includes Ceyz tridactylus, the type of Ceyx, together with the majority of the species, and must of course retain the name Ceyz. The other comprises at least Ceyx solitarius 'Temminck, Ceyx argen- tatus Tweeddale, and Ceyx cyanopectus Lafresnaye, with possibly some further forms among those that I have not been able to ex- amine, and should stand as Therosa Bonaparte,’ since Ceycis Gloger,* if not a nomen nudum, is a synonym of Ceyr. This group Therosa differs strikingly from Ceyz in the much more slender, more com- pressed bill, the outlines of which, both laterally and vertically, are

2 The generic name Ceyr is commonly cited from Lacépéde, Mém. l’Inst. Nat. Sci. et Arts, vol. 3, 1801, p. 511, but the original description occurs in Lacépéde’s Tableau, Oiseaux, 1799, p. 10 (type, Alcedo tridactyla Pallas).

3 Therosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 158 (Miiller manuscript) (type by monotypy, Ceyz solitaria Temminck).

4 Gemein. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1842 (1841), p. 338.

26 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

less convex, the culmen much more sharply ridged—almost as in Alcedo and Alcyone—and the gonys more decidedly keeled. The three species above included should therefore be called:

Therosa argentata (Tweeddale).

Therosa solitaria (Temminck).

Therosa cyanopectus (Lafresnaye).

Family MICROPODIDAE.

*MICROPUS SUBFURCATUS (Blyth).

Cypselus subfurcatus BiytH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, August, 1849, p. 807 (Malay Peninsula).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by Mr. C. B. Kloss. COLLOCALIA LOWI (Sharpe).

Cypselus lowi SHARPE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 333 (Labuan Island, northern Borneo).

One adult male from Pulo Riabu, August 22, 1900. Length, 133.5 mm.; wing, 134mm. ‘‘Shot out of a flock of nearly a hundred that were hawking along the beach in the evening.”” ‘The present example has the tail distinctly though not deeply emarginate; but this can be regarded as scarcely more than an individual peculiarity. Indeed, the shape of the tail, as a character used to distinguish Collocalia lowr from Oollocalia whiteheadi, is of doubtful value, for some specimens of the latter have the tail almost square, while Collocalia lowi sometimes shows distinct emargination.

Mr. Erwin Stresemann has recently described? as a subspecies of Collocalia lowi the form of Collocalia whiteheadi from Palawan Island which the present writer some years ago indicated as possibly separable. This is a bird with unfeathered tarsi, like Collocaha whitehead, and clearly is a subspecies of that species, not of Collocaha lout, with which it has nothing to do, and should, therefore, stand as Collocalia whiieheadi palawanensis. These two species, Collocalia lowi and Collocalia whiteheadi, are very similar in coloration, as, indeed, are so many of the other distinct species of this difficult genus, but Collocalia lowi is somewhat darker below than both Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi and Collocalia whitehead. palawa- nensis, with more distinct dark shaft streaks and more uniform coloration, the throat not being noticeably lighter than the breast and abdomen, as is the case in both forms of Collocalia whitehead. In fact, the most satisfactory means of distinguishing these two species is the difference in the feathering of the tarsi. Thus, to consider Collocalia whiteheadi, a bird with unfeathered tarsi, a sub-

1 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79. 2 Collocalia lowi palawanensis Stresemann, Verhandl. Ornith. Gesells. Bayern, vol. 12, May 15, 1914, p. 10.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. oy

species of Collocalia lowi, a bird with well-feathered tarsi, is clearly doing it violence; and this the more since true Collocalia lowi with feathered tarsi occurs also on Palawan Island,’ the very locality from which comes its supposed subspecies palawanensis! This last fact was apparently overlooked by Mr. Stresemann in diagnosing Collocahia whiteheadi palawanensis.

The bird from Mindanao Island, described by the writer as Collocalia origents,? which Mr. Stresemann,’? without examining any specimens, suggests is possibly the same as Collocalia whiteheadi, is undoubtedly distinct from the latter. That it may eventually prove to be a geo- graphical race of that species may well be so; but the original speci- mens in the United States National Museum, which, so far as we know, are all that exist in any collection, certainly do not indicate such to be the case. This bird has an entirely unfeathered tarsus, like Collocalia whitehead, of the island of Luzon, but differs from that species in its decidedly darker, more blackish, and more uniform coloration above, the rump not being appreciably lighter than the back; and in its also much darker and more uniform lower surface, with the throat not noticeably if at all paler than the breast and abdomen, instead of decidedly lighter, as in OCollocaha whiteheadi whiteheadi and Collocaha whiteheadi palawanensis. In fact, Collocalia origenis is decidedly darker above than even Collocala lowi, and fully as dark and uniform, in some specimens darker, below than is that species; and in the general aspect of its coloration is really more like Collocalia lowr than like Collocalia whiteheadi. It is, however, of course, readily separable from the former by its unfeathered tarsi, and also by the almost total absence of blackish shaft-lines on the feathers of the posterior lower parts, in addition to the color differences already noted.

COLLOCALIA VESTITA AMECHANA Oberholser.‘

Collocalia fuciphaga amechana OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, March 6, 1912, pp. 12, 13 (Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands). Doctor Abbott obtained only two specimens of this swiftlet: Adult female, No. 171071, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899. Length, 127 mm. Adult female, No. 171072, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899. Length, 124 mm. These are both more or less in process of molt. They have been fully discussed in previous papers.’ The second specimen mentioned above is the type of the subspecies.

1 See Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 460.

2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., July 26, 1906, p. 191.

3 Verhandl. Ornith. Gesells. Bayern, vol. 12, May 15, 1914, p. 11.

‘ For the change of specific name, see Stresemann, Verhandl. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, vol. 12, May 15, 1914,

pp. 2-6. 5 Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1906, p. 189; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Mar. 6, 1912, p. 13.

28 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family HEMIPROCNIDAE. HEMIPROCNE 1 LONGIPENNIS HARTERTI Sitresemann.

Hemiprocne longipennis harterti StRESEMANN, Novit. Zool., vol. 20, June, 1913, p. 339 (Deli, northeastern Sumatra).

Two specimens: Adult male, No. 171070, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 25,

1899. Length in flesh, 210 mm. ‘‘Feet dark brownish purple.”’

Adult female, No. 171069, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18, 1899:

Both are in process of molt, and though somewhat worn, seem to be identical with birds from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, which represent this newly described and readily distinguishable race. Doctor Abbott reports that this bird was common in the mangrove swamps of the Anamba Islands.

There are now recognizable the following forms of Hemiprocne lon- gipennis:

Hemiprocne longipennis longipennis (Rafinesque).—Islands of Java and Bali.

Hemiprocne longipennis harteria Stresemann.—Islands of Sumatra, Banka, Billiton, and Borneo, north to the Natuna Islands, Anamba Islands, the Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim, and Burma.

Hemiprocne longipennis thoa Oberholser.—Batu Islands, Barussan Chain, western Sumatra.

Hemiprocne longipennis perlonga (Richmond). i iaalie Island, Barussan Chain, western Sumatra.

Hemiprocne longipennis ocyptera Oberholser.—Nias Island, Ba- russan Chain, western Sumatra.

* HEMIPROCNE COMATA COMATA (Temminck). Cypselus comatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. d’Oiseaux, vol. 4, livr. 45, April, 1824, pl. 268 (Sumatra).

Noted in the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,? but not reported by Doctor Abbott.

Family HIRUNDINIDAKE. HIRUNDO RUSTICA GUTTURALIS Scopoli.

Hirundo gutturalis Scorout, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (based on Sonnerat, Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée, p. 118, pl. 76; type-locality, Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands).

Doctor Abbott obtained but a single specimen of this migrant swallow—a juvenal male (No. 171093, U.S.N.M.) from Pulo Jimaja, basen 0 on September 26, 1899.

1 Wor the use of the generic name Hemiprocne Nitzseh in ee of Muacropteryc Swainson, see Oberholser

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 19, May 1, 1806, pp. 67-69. 2 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. ASiatie Sue No, 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, 29

The comparison of the above specimen with¥examples of this and allied forms has led incidentally to an examination of Hirundo rustica rustica, Hirundo rustica transitwa, Hirundo savignii, Hirundo gutturalis, Hirundo tytleri, and Hirundo erythrogastris, with par- ticular reference to their relationships with each other. After careful study of the specimens in the United States National Museum and of the literature on the subject, I am led to consider them all geo- graphical races of one species, and thus to agree completely with the view expressed by Dr. R. B. Sharpe’ and more recently by Dr. E. Hartert.? This is also the same opinion as that held by Mr. Henry Seebohm,’ except that he unites Hirundo tytlert with Hirundo ery- throgastris.

That Hirundo rustica rustica, with its usually unbroken dark jugular band, intergrades with the broken-banded Hirundo rustica gutturalis, both geographically and individually, there seems to be not the slightest reason to doubt, for there are altogether too many intermediate specimens. Furthermore, some of the darker exam- ples of Hirundo rustica gutiuralis are exceedingly close to the lighter specimens of Hirundo rustica erythrogastris, and are difficult to dis- tinguish without actual comparison; in fact the two forms overlap individually in all characters. Similarly, the dark extreme of Hirundo rustica erythrogastris overreaches individually the light ex- treme of Hirundo rustica tytlert, and thus connects these two forms.

After careful examination and comparison of a large series of Hirundo rustica erythrogastris from various parts of its range, in- cluding a considerable series from western Alaska, I am entirely unable to see any even average differences which entitle the Alaska bird to subspecific separation as Hirundo erythrogastra palmeri;* since all the supposed distinctions of both size and color seem to be merely individual variations.

Reverting again to Hirwndo rustica tytlert, it is evident that inter- mediates between this and Hirundo rustica gutturalis would be practi- cally indistinguishable from Hirundo rustica erythrogastris; and that such intergradation actually takes place in northeastern Siberia where the breeding range of Hirundo rustica tytlert approaches that of Hirundo rusiica gutiuralis is evident from the fact that birds from Lake Baikal are practically like specimens of Hirundo rustica ery- throgastris,> although for geographical reasons referable of course to Hirundo rustica gutturalis; and from the various winter specimens from Burma and Cochin China that so closely resemble Hirundo rustica erythrogastris that Doctor Sharpe and others have identified them as such.

1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 126-140.

2 Vogel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804.

3 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. 2, 1884, pp. 171-172.

4 Grinnell, Condor, vol. 4, May 15, 1902, p. 71 (Amaknak Island, Unalaska Harbor, Alaska). 5 See Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, p. 127.

30 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The breeding bird of Egypt, Hirundo rustica savigni, while very different from Hirundo rustica rustica, is so close to the widely separated Hirundo rustica tytleri that individual variations overlap all the subspecific characters. Furthermore, Hirundo rustica tran- sitiva, from Palestine, is a connecting form between Hirundo rustica savignii and Hirundo rustica rustica. From the above statements it is obvious that all six of these forms of Hirundo are subspecies of Hirundo rustica. Their characters and ranges are as follows: '

1. Mirundo rustica rustica Linnaeus.

[ Hirundo] rustica LinnazEvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 191 (Europe).

Subspecific characters.—Size large; metallic blackish jugular band wide and usually not interrupted medially; posterior lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with rufous or isabella color.

Type locality Sweden (restricted by Hartert,1910 ”).

Geographic distribution.—Breeds throughout Europe, and west to Iceland, east to western Siberia, Turkestan, and the Himalaya Mountains; south to Baluchistan, Persia, Asia Minor, Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco. Winters south to southern Africa, southern India, the southern Malay Peninsula, the Philippine Islands, and the Molucca Islands. Casual in Greenland.

2. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopol.

Hirundo gutturalis Scorout, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (“In Nova Guiana, p. 118, Tab. 76”).

Subspecific characters—Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but much smaller; blackish jugular band usually divided by the chestnut of throat; posterior lower surface averaging more whitish.

Type-locality.—Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands.

Geographic distribution.—Breeds in northeastern Asia, north to the Siberian provinces of Amur, Transbaikalia, and Irkutsk; west to Irkutsk and northern China; south to northern China and to Korea; and east to Japan. Winters south to southern India, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, the Molucca Islands, New Guinea, and occasionally northern Australia.

3. Hirundo rustica tytlert Jerdon.

Hirundo Tytleri Jerpon, Birds of India, vol. 3, 1864, p. 870 (Dacca, Bengal

India).

Subspecific characters —Similar to Hirundo rustica gutturalis, but rather larger; posterior lower parts rufous chestnut instead of usually whitish; white spots on the rectrices, together with the concealed white subterminal portions of the dark feathers of the upper surface, more or less tinged with buff, instead of practically pure white.

Type-locality.— Dacca, Bengal, India.

1 For the synonymy of these birds, see Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 128-140; and Hartert, Vogel palaarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804. 2 Vogel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, p. 800.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 31

Geographic distribution.—Breeds in Kamchatka and other parts of northeastern Siberia; and migrates west to Irkutsk in central southern Siberia. Winters south to southern China, Pegu, and Tenasserim.

4. Hirundo rustica erythrogastris ' Boddaert.

Hirundo erythrogaster BoppAERT, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 45 (Cayenne).

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Hirundo rustica tytleri, but aver- aging decidedly paler on the lower parts; white tail-spots and white subterminal portions of feathers of upper parts less strongly tinged with buff; and size somewhat smaller. Resembling Hirundo rustica gutiuralis, but throat averaging paler; remaining lower parts more heavily shaded with fulvous; tail-spots and concealed white subtermi- nal portions of feathers of upper surface more or less tinged with buff. Differs from Hirundo rustica rusiica as from Hirundo rustica gutturalis, and additionally in smaller size and interrupted blackish jugular band.

Type-locality.—_ Cayenne, French Guiana.

Geographic distribution.—Breeds in North America, east to the Atlantic Ocean; north to central Quebec (southern Ungava), northern Mackenzie, and northwestern Alaska; west to the Pacific Ocean; and south to the States of Tepic and Jalisco (Mexico), southern Texas, and North Carolina. Winters south to Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Casual or accidental in Greenland, the Galapagos and the Bermuda islands.

5. Hirundo rustica transitwa Hartert.

Hirundo rustica transitiva HarterT, Vogel paliiarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, June 1910, p. 802 (Plain of Esdralon, Palestine).

Subspecific characters—Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but smaller, and with lower parts much more deeply rufescent.

Type-locality—Piain of Esdralon, Palestine.

Geographic distribuiion.—Palestine.

6. Hirundo rustica savigni Stephens.

Hirundo Savignii Steruens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1817, p. 90 (Egypt).

Subspecific characiers.—Resembling Hirundo rusiica transitiwa, but lower surface much darker, of a rich rufous chestnut. Very much like Hirundo rustica tyilert, but with a usually unbroken blackish jugular band, and deeper tawny buff suffusion on the light tail-spots and the white concealed subterminal portions of the feathers of the upper surface.

Type-localiiy.—Kgypt.

Geographic distribution.—Egypt and Nubia.

1 The subspecific term erythrogaster as here used is a Latin adjective of the third declension, and there- fore has for its proper feminine nominative erythrogastris, not erythrogasira, as commonly written.

32 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The name Chelidon Forster has recently been revived by Dr. E. Hartert ! as the proper generic appellation for Hirundo rustica and its allies, on the ground that Schaeffer? did not fix the type of Hirundo as Hirundo rustica, and that Forster,? as the first author to subdivide the group, thereby determined its type. While it is quite true that Schaeffer in 1774 did not in the modern sense fix the type of the genus Hirundo, it is likewise true that the action of Forster in merely applying different generic names to several of the species is equally of no effect. The International Code of Nomenclature pro- vides that in order to make a type designation valid an author must definitely indicate a species as the type. So far as we have been able to ascertain, the first designation according to the speci- fications of the International Code was by Selby in 1825, who selected Hirundo rustica as the type; and Gray, in 1840,° designated the same species. There is thus open, under the rules, no other course than to consider Hirundo rustica the type of Hirundo Linnaeus.

HYPUROLEPIS JAVANICA ABBOTTI,‘ new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Hypurolepis javanica javamea,' from Java, but larger; forehead, chin, and throat darker; posterior lower parts more grayish (less brownish), and medially much more whitish.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171048, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, Anamba Islands, September 1, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Forehead and sinciput bay; rest of upper parts shining metallic dusky bluish green; rectrices brownish black, their upper surface more or less glossed with metallic deep green, all but the middle pair with a conspicuous subterminal transverse spot of white; wings brownish black, the exposed surface glossed with metallic green like the tail, the lesser wing-coverts edged with the metallic bluish green of the upper parts, and tertials with minute buffy tips; chin and throat between russet and tawny; sides and flanks hair brown, many of the feathers with paler tips; breast paler brown, the feathers with light tips; middle of abdomen brownish white, the central portion of the feathers mostly pale brownish with dark shaft lines; lower tail- coverts fuscous, the subterminal portions black, the tips buffy; liming of wing fuscous, with minute russet edgings; ‘‘iris dark brown; bill

and feet black.’’

1 V6gel paliarktischen Fauna, vol. 1, pt. 6, June, 1910, pp. 800-801.

2 Elem. Ornith., 1774, Classis II, Ordo VII, pl. 40.

3 Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 17.

4 Tilustr. Brit. Ornith., pt. 1, 1825, p. xxviii.

5 List Genera Birds, 1840, p. 8. :

6 Named for the collector and donor, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

1 Hirwndo javanica Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fase. 4, 1789, pl. 100 (Java).

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. do

This new race may be distinguished from Celebes specimens of Hypurolepis javanica frontalis (Quoy and Gaimard)! by reason of larger size; duller, darker throat; darker, somewhat less brownish sides and flanks; less dull, less brownish, and therefore more strongly contrasted whitish middle portion of abdomen. From Hypurolepis javanica domicola (Jerdon),? which is a recognizable race from south- ern India and the Malay Peninsula, Hypurolepis javanica abbotti differs in duller, darker throat; darker, more grayish (less rufescent) brown of sides and flanks; less brownish tinge of the whitish middle portion of the abdomen, whereby this latter is more sharply in con- trast to the lateral brown areas; and in the more conspicuously spotted appearance of the posterior lower surface.

One specimen (No. 171060, U.S.N.M.), taken on Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899, is a juvenal male, and differs from the adult in entirely lacking the bay frontlet; in having the upper parts very much duller, the wings with scarcely any metallic sheen; and lower surface very much lighter throughout, the crissum dull brown, without any black. One of the other birds (No. 171090, U.S.N.M.) has the outer primaries in process of molt; and most of the remaining examples show indication of molt in the body plumage.

Doctor Abbott reported this species common on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and observed it on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899. He obtained seven specimens on the various islands of the Anamba group.

The subjoined table of measurements includes all our Anamba examples of Hypurolepis javanica abbotii, and for comparison some specimens of Hypurolems javanica javanica from Java.

Measurements of specimens of Hypurolepis javanica abbotit.

|

=1 Hirwndo frontalis Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. UV’ Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 1, 1830, p. 204, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Dorey harbor, New Guinea). ¢

2 Hirundo domicola Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. and Science, vol. 13, pt. 1, No. 30, “April, 1844,” p. 173 (Nilgiri Hills, southern India a).

3 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

4 Type.

70536°—Bull. 98—17——3

34 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of specimens of Hypurolepis javanica javanica.

3 °o U.S.N.M.) gex. Locality. Date. Collector. S8i 3 No. bb oH] 5 |e la le a Fleala |a mm.| mm.| mm.| mm. 218518....| Male....| Goenoeng Boend er, | May 18,1909 | W. Palmer........ 105 | 47 O10 Mount Salak, Java. 218520... . d May 15,1909 do 97 | 42 7 | 10 218519... i 9 218522. ... 7.5) 218521... 8

The present species is structurally different enough from Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, by reason of its broad bill, very short, slightly forked tail, to necessitate its generic segregation, as already claimed by Mr. Mathews.! The proper generic name for it seems to be Hypurolepis Gould? (type, by subsequent designation,’ Hirwndo domicola Jerdon [=Hirundo javanica domicola Jerdon]), since Herse Lesson‘ is preoccupied by Herse Oken, 1815, for a genus of Lepidop- tera Mr. Mathews, in designating the type of Hypurolepis Gould, states it to be Hirundo domicola Jerdon ‘‘by monotypy’”*; but Gould in his original institution of the genus in the text to plate 32 of his ‘‘Birds of Asia’ specifically included Hirundo domicola Jerdon, Hirundo subfusca Gould [= Hirundo tahitica Gmelin], and provisionally Hirundo neoxena Gould.

Family LANIIDAE.

* LANIUS CRISTATUS Linnaeus.”

[Lanius] cristatus Linnagus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 93 (Bengal, India).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.? Family CAMPOPHAGIDAE.

ARTAMIDES SUMATRENSIS CALOPOLIUS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters —Similar to Artamides sumatrensis sumatren- sis, from Sumatra, but larger, particularly the bill; female with upper surface and anterior lower parts somewhat paler; white bars on pos- terior lower parts broader, the black bars also somewhat so; black bars on rump and upper tail-coverts wider.

1 List Birds Australia, 1913, p. 163. 2 Birds Asia, vol. 1, April, 1868, text to pl. 32. # Mathews, List Birds Australia, 1913, p. 163. ' 4 Rey. Zool., 1840, p. 145 (based on ‘‘Les Herses”’ of Lesson, Compl. Oeuv. Buffon, vol. 8, 1837, p. 496). t Herse Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., vol. 3, 1815, pt. 1, p. 762. € List Birds Australia, 1913, p. 163. 7 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 35

Description.—Type, adult female, No. 171023, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, Anamba Islands, August 29, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Sides of head and neck, pileum, cervix, back, and scapulars, slate gray;! rump and upper tail-coverts varying from slate gray to gray No. 8, broadly and boldly barred with white and black, the white predomi- nating on the shorter coverts; tail slate black, irregularly tipped with white; wings slate black, all the quills tipped, the secondaries broadly, the primaries narrowly, margined exteriorly with white, and all the remiges broadly edged interiorly on basal portion with white; lesser and median wing-coverts, with outer webs of tertials, gray, like the back; greater coverts slate gray, narrowly margined with whitish; primary coverts and alula slate color, narrowly edged and broadly tipped with white; chin, throat, and jugulum gray No. 6,' slightly and obsoletely barred imperfectly in places with paler gray; rest of lower surface white, boldly barred with black, these bars much nar- rower on the crissum; lining of wing white, narrowly barred with black; ‘‘iris gray; bill black; feet dull black.”

Measurements of type.—Total length, 292.1 mm.; wing, 160; tail, 112.5; exposed culmen, 26.5; tarsus, 27.

The female type above described is the only specimen obtained by Doctor Abbott. It is about the size of Artamides sumatrensis bun- gurensis (Hartert),? from the Natuna Islands, but differs from the same sex of that race in the absence of ashy clouding on the posterior lower surface; the white and black bars being sharply contrasted, even more so than in Artamides sumatrensis sumatrensis; white bars of lower surface apparently broader; and lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more sharply banded with black and white. This new race may be distinguished from Artamides swmatrensis diffiicilis (Har- tert),? from Balabac Island, Philippine Islands, by its larger size, and in the female by the wider white bars on the posterior lower surface.

Our single specimen of Artamides sumatrensis calopolvus is appar- ently not fully adult, for the outer tail-feathers are tipped and sub- terminally mottled with dull white, and most of the primaries, all the secondaries, tertials, and primary coverts are broadly margined with white; while on the throat are seen some faint remnants of dark and light barring.

Family MUSCICAPIDAE.

CYORNIS BANYUMAS LAMPRA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Cyornis banyumas philippinensis, but the male with upper parts of a lighter, brighter blue; anterior lower surface paler, more ochraceous (less tawny); posterior lower

1 Of Mr. Robert Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists, 1886. 2 Graucalus bungurensis Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 1, 1894, p. 477. ® Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 2, 1895, p. 470.

36 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

parts more whitish, the sides and flanks with much less ochraceous. Female very much paler, duller, and more grayish above than the same sex of Cyorns banyumas philippinensis, with ochraceous of lower surface lighter, and that of lower breast, sides, and flanks much less extensive, the sides and flanks with very little; lores dull grayish instead of white.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171695, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 22, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Sides of head and neck, with entire upper parts (except forehead) rather light, grayish, indigo blue; forehead and short superciliary stripe azure blue; lores and nasal plumes black; remiges and rectrices grayish clove brown, all edged externally with the blue of the upper parts; lesser and median wing-coverts cobalt blue; remaining wing- coverts like the secondaries; chin and moustachial stripes deep blue black; throat, jugulum, and upper breast, ochraceous; rest of lower surface white, laterally washed with ochraceous; under wing-coverts buffy white, the feathers centrally fuscous, the edge of wing beneath fuscous mixed with whitish, buff, and blue; axillars buff; ‘‘bill black, feet brownish lavender.”

The male of this new race differs from the male of Cyornis ba- nyumas banjumas in somewhat lighter blue upper surface; in pure white median posterior lower parts, including the crissum; and very much less extensively ochraceous sides and flanks. The female differs from that of Cyornis banyumas banywmas in the much more bluish gray (instead of brownish gray) upper surface, the tail exter- nally blue instead of dull ferrugimous; and in practically pure white instead of ochraceous abdomen and crissum. 'The male intergrades in color with Cyornis banyumas banyumas through Cyorns banyumas philippinensis and Cyornis banyuwmas mindorensis Mearns; while the female is intermediate between Cyornis banyumas philippinensis and Cyorms banyumas banyumas, though nearer the former. A trinomial seems best to express this bird’s relationships.

There is considerably more difference between the sexes in this form than in ©. 6. philipprnensis, the female being relatively as well as actually much paler and more grayish above. Two males (Nos. 171004 and 176961, U.S.N.M.) in part juvenal, part first autumn plumage, differ from the adults of the same sex in having the throat and chin whitish, the tawny of breast more or less mixed with black- ish, this chiefly in the form of scale-like feather edgings; many of the superior wing-coverts and some of the tertials with broad apical spots of ochraceous; and the feathers of head and hind-neck with broad shaft streaks or apical spots of tawny or ochraceous. Two immature females (Nos. 170910 and 170967, U.S.N.M.) differ from adult females in their paler anterior lower parts and duller, more brownish upper surface. There is comparatively little individual

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 37

color difference among the adult males of this series, such as exists consisting chiefly of the depth of the blue on the upper parts, and the -shade of the tawny on breast and throat.

Notes on the colors of the soft parts are given by Doctor Abbott on the labels, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171095, U.S.N.M. (type); Pulo Jimaja: ‘‘bill black; feet brownish lavender.”

Adult male, No. 174825, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Rittan: ‘‘bill black; feet lavender.”

Adult whe No. 171059, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga: ‘‘bill black; iris dark brown.”

Adult male, No. 171046, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan: ‘‘bill black; feet lavender gray.”

Adult male, No. 171005, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur: ‘‘bill black.”

Adult female, No. 170911, USNM.: Pulo Piling: ‘‘bill black; feet pale purplish fleshy.”

Adult female, No. 170960, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan; “ bill dark horn brown; iris dark brown.”

Immature female, No. 170967, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan: “bill black, brownish beneath.”

Doctor Abbott further says that the species was fairly common in the forest on Pulo Mobur, August 24 to September 1, 1899; common in the forest on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and about Telok Ayer Bini on Pulo Siantan, September 5-6, 1899; common also on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899; and seen on Pulo Mata, August 24 to September 1, 1899; on Pulo Kelong, September 1, 1899; and on Pulo ‘Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

Doctor Abbott obtained altogether 19 specimens of this new Cyornis, the detailed measurements of which are given herewith.

Measurements of specimens of Cyornis banyumas lampra.

ten is 3 | bo as US.N.M. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. s B8| . No. | = | ww Sq/ 3 |S }/sia te Z ° = 3 Lal 3s a |e | & | | = | \mm.|mm.|mm.;mm.)mm. 170965 | Male....| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 8, 1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott|152. 4) 72.5] 63 | 12 | 17.5 ba Islands. | HO9GG 2 = GOs o-|- 52" GO nsae sabe Sassen ee GOn sa kens tome OG. sehceseet )152. 4) 7: 61 | 12.5) 18 170961 | Male?...|..... do. diergts aeked. Aug. 21,1899 |..... abi eee 152.4| 73 | 57 | 12 | 185 170962 | Male..--}..... GOs eee ogee ess Aug. 22? 1899 |..... d0s~..ccces- 158. 8) 74.5} 63.5} 12.5) 18 epee dose. 182:20b se) Seok ee Aug. 24,1899 |..... do........--|158. 8) 76.5] 64 | 12.5) 18.5 171003 |...do.... Pulo Mobur, Anamba Aug. 25, 1899 | Siem Gosse ee 158. 8] 76.5} 64 | 12 18 slands | 171004 | Male?_..|..... GO Seee cect cease Aug. 26,1899 |..... does eee ees 152. 4| 74.5) 61 | 12 | 18 171005 | Male-..-.|...-- GOteue s sO sse ese POSSE GostisssJ.| S365 Gor area 158. 8) 72 | 63.5 11.9) 18 171094 |...do.... Sa eee, Anamba | Sept. 21,1899 |....- dO’ s.c6ces222 158. 8| 73.5) 62 | 12.5) 18 slands. A ZAOOD) |e «AO iso 5\|20252 GO. ws eset See Sept. 22,1899 |..... GOse a naen=- 155. 6) 74 | 62 12.5 7 171036 |...do.... io akmmeamana Aug. 30,1899 |..... GOsy2G 2 158. 8| 73 | 62.5) 12 | 17.5 slands | 171046 |...do....| Pulo Manguan, Anam-| Sept. 1, 1899 |..... GOu. ete an' 152-4)'75, 062). | 3... 18 ba Islands, | |

i Measured in the flesh by the collector. 3 Tmmature. * Type.

38 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of specimens of Cyornis banyumas lampra—Continued.

a 3 bo ° U.S.N.M. : 8 3¢ Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Eo ao = No. a = ab z 3 g 3 s ao} = | & a 1! Mire a| rosin kd 3 e|EFlala |e mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.\mm. 174825 | Male.... Pule aia See May 21,1900 | Dr. W. L. Abbott|155. 6] 74 | 60 | 13 | 18 siands. 171059 |...do...- Elo Delsey Anamba | Sept. 14,1899 |....- GOs eee sene 152. 4| 73.5} 62 | 11.5) 18 siands, a | ee ie Avera reroll 4amalesteee er eceseescseese sane tee cn eet e cele aaeeaseelteteia 155. 6| 74.0} 62.0) 11.3} 17.9 170963 | [Female]. Ful Bian, Anam- | Aug. 22,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott}142. 9) 71 | 57.5) 11.5) 18 ba Islands. 170960 | Female -}...-.- GON eee Aug. 21,1899 |..... Ors ccc asco 152. 4| 71.5) 58 | 11.5] 16.5 170967 | Female?.|..... dO Be Sachse tes Sept. 8, 1899 |....-. Gos siee ee: 146. 1] 67.5) 56 | 12 | 17 170911 | Female.. aut Filing, Anamba | Aug. 17,1899 |...-- Goose oases 155.6] 73 | 59 | 12.5) 17.5 siands, 170910 | Female?.|..... GO cosas vemicis'a'aieieenee GOs ossoaelscene Osea ceeeeee 152.4) 71 | 57 | 12 | 18 AV Cra ce lOl oMOM Ales aap emesis sisisieieis ela smisiasistetesietelels eee lel atti tateter ine 149. 9} 70. 8) 57.5) 11.9) 17.4 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Immature.

XANTHOPYGIA ZANTHOPYGIA (Hay).*

Muscicapa Zanthopygia Hay, Madras Journ. Lit. and Sci., vol. 13, pt. 2, ‘‘Decem- ber, 1844’’ (1845), p. 162 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

One specimen, No. 170986, U.S.N.M, from Siantan Island, Septem- ber 12, 1899. Length in flesh, 127 mm.; “iris dark brown; feet blue; upper mandible dark horn brown, lower mandible pale plumbeous.”

HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA OPISTHOCYANEA Oberholser.

Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, February 25, 1911, p. 602 (Pulo Piling, Anamba Islands).

Doctor Abbott obtained nine specimens—5 males, 4 females—of this recently described form from the Anamba Islands, collected August 18 to September 11, 1899, on Pulo Piling, Pulo Riabu, Pulo Manguan, and Pulo Siantan. Two of the three adult males from Pulo Siantan are rather less bluish on the posterior lower surface, particularly on the lower tail-coverts, than the other examples, but do not differ in size. There is some individual difference among all the males in the color of the upper parts, especially the pileum, this due largely to wear, as the tone of the blue seems particularly liable to change from this cause. One bird from Pulo Manguan, taken, Sep- tember 1, one from Pulo Riabu, August 18, and two from Pulo Siantan, August 24, are just completing the molt. Except for their larger size the females of this race are very close to those of Hypothy- mis azurea azurea, though the lower surface is usually more exten- sively shaded with blue. An immature male from Pulo Manguan, taken, August 31, is like the adult female, but has the secondary wing-coverts much more deeply bluish. One of the females had the

3 This is the original spelling of the specific name, as may be seen from the original citation.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 39

“bill black; feet dark leaden blue;” another female, possibly imma- ture, had the “bill black above, bluish beneath.”’

Doctor Abbott writes that this species was fairly common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; common on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; observed also on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899; on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, Sep- tember 14-15, 1899.

Detailed measurements of eight adults in the collection are as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea.

ea Sex, Locality. Date. Collector.

Exposed cul- men.

| Total length.!

g :

\ | |

|mm.| mm. 5 . 170957....| Male....; Pulo Siantan,]} Aug. 24,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott. 158.8] 79 |..... bY by Anamba Islands. |

WOODS Pee | 52.0 Os, san) se ee do.s32s Sees PATE —— SI ROO SLE Oreaccwce cen c- |168 | 76.5) 76 | 10.5) 16

TODS ES eee O) ess | oo 3 GOs snoweaoccce Ss Sept. 11, 1899 |..... 0 ( ee (165.1) 75.5) 78.5) 12 | 16.5

170909. ...|...do....| Pulo Piling, Anam- | Aug. 17,1899 |.....do............. 175 | 80 | 76 | 10.5] 18 ba Islands.? | |

170920....| Female..| Pulo Riabu, Anam-| Aug. 18,1899 |.....do............- \171.5) 78 | 75 | 12 | 17 ba Islands. |

M0922 212-0). 5a). 5-6 2 GOP ste te ces |esees dO: <c.0222 [5-0-8 Gost. seceees \171. 5) 74.5) 75 | 11.5) 16

fOU2bee ele GO sce || (<7 GOs Sear eeaeeelas cee GO. se eae |e ses Gove ceesacneee Jeoe-- 77 =| 7 | 11 | 16.5

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

Together with the races recently described, the following forms of Hypothymis azurea seem now to be recognizable ° :

1. Hypothymis azurea azurea (Boddaert).—Philippine Islands, including Palawan and the Sulu group.

2. Hypothymis azurea styant (Hartlaub).—Island of Hainan.

3. Hypothymis azurea oberholseri Stresemann.—Formosa.

4. Hypothymis azurea coeruleocephala (Sykes).—India north to the Himalaya Mountains, and east to Cochin China.

5. Hypothymis azurea ceylonensis Sharpe.—Ceylon.

6. Hypothymis azurea prophata Oberholser.—Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

7. Hypothymis azurea forrestia Oberholser.—Mergui Archipelago.

8. Hypothymis azurea nicobarica Bianchit (—Hypothymis azurea

calocara Oberholser).—Nicobar Islands excepting Car Nicobar.

9. Hypothymis azurea idiochroa Oberholser.—Car Nicobar Island, Nicobar Islands.

10. Hypothymis azurea tytleri (Beavan).—Andaman and Cocos Islands.

3 See Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, 1911, pp. 593-615; Stresemann, Novit. Zool., vol. 20, 1913, pp. 293-297.

4 Hypothymis azurea nicobarica Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. de St. Pétersb., vol. 12, No. }, June, 1907, p. 76 (Nicobar Islands). 2

40 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

11. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser.—Anamba and Tambelan Islands.

12. Hypothymis azurea gigantoptera Oberholser.—Natuna Islands.

13. Hypothymis azurea symmiata Stresemann.—Islands of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Alor.

14. Hypothymis azurea ponera Oberholser.—Batu Islands, western Sumatra.

15. Hypothymis azurea isocara Oberholser.—Banjak Islands, western Sumatra.

16. Hypothymis azurea leucophila Oberholser.—Pagi Islands, west- ern Sumatra.

17. Hypothymis azurea amelis Oberholser.—Nias Island.

18. Hypothymis azurea consobrina Richmond.—Simalur {sland, western Sumatra.

19. Hypothymis azurea richmondi Oberholser—Engano Island, western Sumatra.

Family PYCNONOTIDAE.

AEGITHINA VIRIDISSIMA THAPSINA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Aegithina viridissima viridissima, from Sumatra, but much larger; oil green of upper surface, in the male, more yellowish; lower breast and abdomen paler, more yellowish.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170951, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 20, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire upper surface, excepting the upper tail-coverts, oil green, the Tump somewhat yellowish; upper tail-coverts glossy black; lores blackish; lengthened supra-orbital and suborbital spots rich lemon yellow; tail black, slightly tipped with oil green; wing-quills blackish clove brown above, the tertials and outer webs of primaries and sec- ondaries brownish black, the primaries, except the outer two, mar- gined basally with oil green, the secondaries edged almost throughout with the same color, the tertials margined on outer webs with oil green, where marked distally with a conspicuous yellowish white spot, and on inner vanes broadly bordered with citron yellow; all the upper wing-coverts glossy black, the median series broadly tipped with white, the greater row more narrowly with yellowish white; inferior surface of remiges grayish clove brown, broadly edged on basal por- tion of inner webs with dull white; under wing-coverts inwardly white, barely washed with canary yellow, exteriorly, including the edge of wing, canary yellow; axillars canary yellow, basally somewhat whit- ish; sides of head and neck, with chin, threat, and jugulum, oil green, like the upper surface; sides of body, breast, and abdomen, yellowish oil green, the middle portion, together with the crissum, canary yel- low; flanks with a patch of elongated silky-white feathers; thighs

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 4]

black, more or less overlaid with canary yellow; ‘“‘iris dark reddish brown; bill black above, leaden beneath; feet blue; claws black.”

The female of this new form, compared with a female of Aegithina virdissima from Pulo Lankawi, western Malay Peninsula, is very much more yellowish below.

Three specimens were obtained by Doctor Abbott, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 170951, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899. ‘Iris dark reddish brown; feet blue; claws black; bill black above, leaden beneath.”

Adult male, No. 170952, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899. “Feet blue leaden; bill black above, leaden beneath.”’

Adult female, No. 170953, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899. ‘Feet blue; bill leaden blue, culmen and tip black.”

The type has some of the wing-quills in process of molt, so that its true wing measurement is possibly somewhat greater than that given below. Doctor Abbott states that this species lived in the forest, and was tolerably common on Pulo Siantan frem August 19 to September 6, 1899.

Measurements of specimens of Aegithina viridissima thapsina.

2 3 > o L.S.N = |e

U.S.N.M.) sex, Locality. Date. Collector. 2 SS| . No. i $8) 3 = to 44 - 5 is a ja |e K o — 3 w oS eHe|F leila la

ote

m.| mm. siti mm.

mm.| mm. 170952... Male..... Pulo Siantan, | Aug. 21,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott.|158. 8) 63 | 47 | 14.5

18.5 | Anamba Islands. U7OGS12 oe. | Males... |... Goss Aare bee Aug. 20,1899 |....- doss=sa4-- teh 28 140 | 64 | 49.5) 15 | 19 170953... . | SERRE cee doce eee ae Sept. 5, 1899 | Ao GOs at ey e 65 | 50 | 15 | 19 ! | | 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

PYCNONOTUS PLUMOSUS CHIROPLETHIS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Pycnonotus plumosus plumosus, from Singapore and the Malay Peninsula, but much larger.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170941, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 24, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Upper parts olive brown, washed with olive green, least so on the pileum, the rump rather lighter and less grayish; wings and tail olive brown, the wing-quills, rectrices, and superior wing-coverts margined with olive green, most broadly on the secondaries and rectrices; sides of head and neck grayish hair brown, the shafts of auriculars grayish white; chin and throat cream buff; crissum dull olivaceous gallstone yellow; rest of lower parts dull olive gray, lighter and inclining to buff medially, the middle of abdomen dull buff; lining of wing buff, edge of wing greenish olive yellow; thighs

42 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

brownish gray, tinged with olive yellow; ‘bill brownish black; feet dark fleshy brown.”’

Doctor Abbott obtained the following eight specimens:

Adult male, No. 170916, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170917, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899. “Tris brownish red; bill dark horn brown, paler beneath; feet fleshy brown.”

Adult male, No. 171000, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. “Tris red; bill black; feet dark fleshy brown.”

Adult male, No. 170938, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899. “Feet fleshy brown.”’

Adult male, No. 170940, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899.

Adult male (type), No. 170941, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24,1899. ‘Bill brownish black; feet dark fleshy brown.”’

Adult male, No. 170943, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10, 1899.

Adult female, No. 170939, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899.

There is comparatively little individual color variation in the series, such as there is consisting chiefly in the more deeply ochraceous tinge on the abdomen, and the more golden hue of the olive yellow crissum. The worn summer plumage is considerably paler than the freshly molted feathers.

In all but one bird the molt is more or less in evidence. In four (Nos. 170938, 170940, 170941, and 171000, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 20 to 25, it is from about two-thirds to three-fourths completed; and many feathers of the old plumage remain; in one (No. 170943, U.S.N.M.), taken, September 10, it is about five-sixths advanced; in two others (Nos. 170916 and 170917), taken, August 18, it is, to external appearances, complete except for the wing-and tail-quills, but some of the contour feathers are still partly in their sheaths. One female (No. 170939), taken, August 21, TES apparently not yet begun to molt.

Deer Abbott says that this species was common in the scrubby jungle on Pulo Siantan. Measurements are as below:

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 43

Measurements of Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis.

a | 4 | Se = | oO | “3 q Ve Cee Sex Locality. Date. Collector. | & | 38! | Se ; = ab onl s (33 Ss a = fo m 74 2 > 3 | * a jens Ee S| H | Se | ae ; as aeons : | mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm., mm. 170917....| Male....} Pulo Riabu, Anamba | “Aug. 18,1899 | Dr. W. L. |196.9) 85 | 79 | 15 | 20.3) 13.8 & slands. Abbott. | } 4.70916. .).-|-\-.3 Oversea eOOre satin saw seectcn Pasee Gores a iee ages: 222.3) 86.5) 78 | 14.8} 21 | 14 IFAOOO Se 228 doe. et meOper, Anamba | Aug. 25,1899 |...do.....--. 203.2) 86 | 80 | 14.5} 21 | 13.5 slands. | | rey} 340 he a Pulo Siantan, Maar Aug. 20,1899 |...do....... 196.9} 88 | 78 | 15.5] 20.5) 14 ba Islands. 270940... |... GO eee seca COs seer acsc see ae Avie. 2118091" <do:- <== 2h. .-=- | 89 77 | 15.3) 21 | 14 170941....|... Lomens | BR do oie aes cse ree: Artie 451 800) |ne ed oleae: 203.2! 90.5] 80 | 15.5} 20 | 14 Bi UO4a see: ee COrs san) Son 2 G0 ceases es Sept. 10, 1899 |...do..-.-.-. -.---| 89.5) 81 | 16 | 20.8) 14.2 FACy ersuperati7srmaleseet-= cee maces: come cesar eerie tee eae as se ac sees 204.5] 87.8 79 | 15.2) 20.7) 13.9 170939....] Female..| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Aug. 21,1899 | Dr. W. L. (200 | 83.5) 75 | 15 20.5! 13.8 ba Islands. Abbott. | 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX HALIZONUS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Like Pycnonotus simplex olivaceus, from the Malay Peninsula, but decidedly larger; lower parts lighter, brighter, and less tinged with brownish (more grayish).

Description.—Type, adult female, No. 171080, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 22, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Upper surface dark olive brown, with a slight tinge of greenish, the upper tail-coverts sepia; wings and tail between clove brown and sepia, the wing-quills and their upper coverts edged externally with sepia; sides of head, together with neck and breast, olive brown, the shafts of auriculars a little paler; lower surface pale yellowish white, the sides and flanks light olive brown, the breast and jugulum heavily washed with the same color; lining of wing yellowish white; thighs light olive brown tinged with yellow; “iris white; bill horn brown, pale beneath at base; feet fleshy brown.”’

This new race differs from Pycnonotus simplex simplex from Su- matra, in larger size, darker lower parts, and paler, more ereenish upper surface. The following five specimens were obtained by Doctor Abbott:

Adult male, No. 170944, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 9, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171078, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 20, 1899. ‘Iris gray; feet fleshy brown.”

Adult female, No. 171077, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899. ‘‘Iris white; feet fleshy brown.”

Adult female, No. 171076, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899. “Iris white; bill horn brown, paler at base beneath; feet fleshy brown.”

44 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female (type), No. 171080, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Septem- ber 22, 1899.

The iris, it will be noticed, is white or gray. All five specimens show more or less evidences of the nearly completed molt, but on those collected on September 19 and 22 only slight traces remain.

Measurements of the series of Pycnonotus sumplex hahzonus are given below:

Measurements of specimens of Pycnonotus simplex halizonus.

“ et @Q . | - 5 | 2& 7 J SJ ; ls eye U.S.N.M.| © sey, Loeality. Date. Collector. | © B8| 4 |=38 Oat = bh 68/53 |se | SB) 8) el 8 es ° re s oe oe eal ete pee ea ee| etd = ne | mm.|}mm.|mm,|mm., hin mm 170944....| Male....| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 9,1899 | Dr. W. L. |..... leinigiee Tom LS RES | 11.5 | ba Islands. | Abbott. | W118. oi 02-. 3: | Pulo Jimaja, Anamba | Sept. 20,1899 |...do......|190.5) 84 | 76 | 13.2) 18.5) 13 | | Islands. | | AVERAGE COL CWONMIBIOS clap cuek Gees cece oe eeiciviewitisceeeeecimieeteweraine 190. 5| 84 | 74. 5| 13.1] 18.3) 12.5 171076...) Female..| Pulo Jimaja, Anamba | Sept. 19,1899 | Dr. W. L. 187.3 84 | 76.5] 121,185) 11 Islands. Abbott. | UPA NO aoe Gores alEeste GOs case. Soars | Fee co Co ee see Gots s2e 187.3) 84 | 76.5) 12.2) 18.2) 11.8 AMOSO SSS ees do seen eee dose ee aes Sept. 22,1899 |...do...... 181 | 82.5) 76 | 12.8) 18 | 11.5 ‘AsV Era ZOOL GATES LEMAIES 2 o:nicesceieteneiitearels ices ces aemoeinsielsiecicins 185.2, 83.5] 76.3) 12.4) 18. 2, 11.4 | | 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

There are evidently two distinct species at present confused under the name Pycnonotus simplex. One of these is a large bird, in color much resembling Pycnonotus plumosus, with rather yellowish brown upper parts; distinctly scaly crown feathers; brownish and_ buffy lower surface, particularly the crissum; and red or orange iris; to which the name Pycnonotus brunneus of Blyth,’ despite the briefness of the accompanying description, undoubtedly apphes. The other species, which occupies nearly the same geographic range, is of smaller size; has no scaly appearance on the feathers of the crown; has a darker, more greenish olive brown upper surface; lower parts with the dark areas grayish, rather than buffy, brown; the light areas, especially the crissum and throat, whitish, with yellowish instead of brownish and buffy suffusion; iris white or grayish; and in general coloration is almost identical with Jole olivacea. This bird is Pieno- notus simplex Lesson. Dr. C. W. Richmond has recently identified ° Picnonotus simplex Lesson with the large, brownish and buffy, red- eyed species; and following him the present writer described the Su- matra race of the white-eyed bird as Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis.® After much further study of these birds I am now convinced, how-

# Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula). 4 Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).

5 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, Feb. 4, 1903, pp. 506-507.

€ Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 11.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 45

ever, that Pycnonotus simplex of Lesson is the white-eyed species, and that consequently my Pycnonotus olivaceus: chloeodis is a synonym. Lesson’s original description! reads as follows: ‘‘Corpore supra griseo- luteola, albo luteo tincto infra; rostro corneo; pedibus bruneis.’’ The really distinctive portion of this diagnosis is the expression ‘‘albo luteo tincto infra,” which could not apply to the red-eyed bird, but is very well descriptive of the white-eyed species, as is at once evident on comparison of both with this description. The expression ‘‘cor- pore supra griseo-luteolaé”’ also agrees better with the white-eyed than with the red-eyed species, for the latter is decidedly brown above.

Of Pycnonotus simplex at least three subspecies are recognizable. The synonymy and geographic ranges of these are as follows:

1. Pycnonotus simplex svmplex Lesson.

Picnonotus simplex Lesson, Rey. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).

Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis OBERHOLSER, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 11 (Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra).

Geographic distribution.—Sumatra, Borneo, and some of the adja- cent islands. 2. Pycnonotus simplex olivaceus (Moore). Microtarsus olivaceus Moore, in Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. East Ind. Co., vol. 1, 1854, p. 249 (Malacca). Geographic distribution.—Malay Peninsula. 3. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus Oberholser.

Pycnonotus olivaceus halizonus OBERHOLSER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 98, 1917, p. 43 (Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands).

Geographic distribution.—Anamba Islands. PYCNONOTUS BRUNNEUS ZAPOLIUS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters —Similar to Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus, from the Malay Peninsula, but larger; upper surface darker; lower parts lighter, more grayish, the dark areas less brownish, the hght areas more clearly yellowish, less ochraceous.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170942, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum between olive brown and deep olive, the darker brown edgings of the feathers imparting a more or less scaly appearance when viewed in the proper light; cervix, back, and scapulars deep olive with a slight olive brown tinge, the (largely concealed) centers of the feathers clove brown; rump and shorter upper tail-coverts dark buffy brown; longest upper tail-coverts olive brown; wings and tail somewhat olivaceous clove brown, but the lesser wing-coverts of the same color as the back, though slightly paler, the remaining superior wing-coverts and the

1 Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167.

.

46 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

wing-quills edged, and the coverts and tertials also tipped, with the deep olive of the back; sides of head and neck like the pileum but with less squamate appearance; chin and upper throat soiled cream color with a slight olive buff tinge; median portion of abdomen and breast marguerite yellow; thighs, flanks, sides of breast and of body, buffy olive, somewhat paler posteriorly and shading into the pale yellow of the middle of abdomen; jugulum and breast paler buffy olive, mixed with light yellowish; crissum dull cream buff, tne centers of the feathers light buffy olive; lining of wing cream buff, the outer edge chamois; ‘‘iris red; bill dull black, horn brown at base beneath; feet fleshy brown.” Measurements of type—TYotal length (in flesh), 190.5 mm.; wing, 90; tail, 75; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe without claw, 13.5. Although this new race of Pycnonotus brunneus is here described from a single specimen, it must be regarded without doubt as distinct. The type has been carefully compared with all of our large series of this species, from various parts of its range, and can not be matched by any other example. ‘This is, so far as the upper parts are concerned, one of the darkest and most greenish of the races of Pycnonotus brunneus; while below it is more grayish and more clearly yellow than any of the others. Thus it superficially very much resembles some of the forms of Pyenonotus simplex, but it is readily distinguished from all of these by its dark buffy crissum, red eyes, squamate pileum, and other characters. The type is in fresh plumage, but still shows evidences of molt among the contour feathers, rectrices, and remiges. Its proper wing length may therefore be even somewhat longer than above given. Doctor Abbott reports this species as common on Pulo Siantan at the time of his visit, but this may refer in part at least to Pycnonotus simpex halizonus, since at that time no one separated these two species. The following races of Pycnonotus brunneus are now recognizable: 1. Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus Blyth. [Pycnonotus] brunneus Biyru, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568 (in text) (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

Brachypus modestus Buyra, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568, footnote (new name for Pycnonotus brunneus Blyth) (A. Hay MS.).

Geographic distributionn—Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and neighboring islands.

2. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius Oberholser.

Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius OBERHOLSER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 98, 1917, p. 46.

Geographic distribution. Anamba Islands.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 47

3. Pycnonotus brunneus prillwitzi Hartert.

Pycnonotus prillwitzi Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 9, December 16, 1902, p. 561 (Karangbolong, southern Java).

Geographic distribution —Java.

Family TIMALIIDAE. HORIZILLAS MAGNIROSTRIS (Moore).

Alcippe magnirosiris Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854 (May 8, 1855), p. 277 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

Nine specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Male, No. 171024, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29,1899. Length, 178mm. ‘Bill dark horn brown above, horny yellow beneath.”

Female, No. 170946, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 165 mm. “Iris pink; feet pale leaden; upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden. Shot in heavy forest.’’!

Male, No. 170945, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 178 mm. ‘‘Feet pale leaden blue; upper mandible horn brown; lower mandible leaden.”

Male, No. 171083, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. Length, 184.5 mm. “Iris red; feet slaty blue, soles yellow.

Male, No. 171087, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899. Length, 171.5 mm. ‘Feet fleshy white; iris gray brown; upper mandible horn brown; lower mandible yellow.”

Sex unknown, No. 171088, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899. Length, 181 mm. “Iris red; feet lavender blue; upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden.”’

Male, No. 171084, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899. Length, 178 mm.

Male, No. 171086, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899. Length, 178 mm.

Male, No. 171085, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 26, 1899. Length, 178mm. ‘Iris red; feet slaty blue; tarsi brownish; upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden.”

All these birds are more or less in process of molt. The streaking on the jugulum is almost obsolete in some, strongly marked in others. The color of the back and scapulars varies from a grayish olive brown to a decidedly rufescent olive brown. ‘There is appar- ently no difference of consequence in either size or color between this series from the Anamba Islands and a larger series from the Malay Peninsula.

Doctor Abbott found this bird common on Pulo Jimaja from September 17 to 28, 1899.

1 For the character of this forest, see pl. 2, upper figure.

48 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

This species is clearly out of place in the genus Turdinus, to which Doctor Sharpe has referred it,’ but is strictly congeneric with Horizillas magna, the type of Horizillas. The present generic name for this group is Horizillas Oberholser,? the employment of which in place of Malacopteron Eyton ? we have elsewhere explained.

ANUROPSIS MALACCENSIS MALACCENSIS (Hartlaub).

Brachypteryx malaccensis HartLtaus, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 402 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

Three specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171081, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. ‘‘Tris dark red; feet pale brownish fleshy.”

Adult male, No. 176948, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10, 1899.

Adult female, No. 170947, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899.

They average a very little darker on upper parts, sides, and flanks than typical examples of the species from the Malay Peninsula; but in the absence of any other characters, these differences appear too slight and inconstant to be of subspecific importance. All these examples show traces of a nearly completed molt; but the bird taken on September 10 (No. 170948, U.S.N.M.) has many more undeveloped feathers than the others, particularly on pileum, throat, breast, and tail.

Measurements are given below.

Measurements of specimens of Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis.

|

a 3 > o oe : Cee Sex. Locality. Date. Collectors ii Sel 0. B8| 5 a oh) 2ajs se Rel eet a 2 re 3S al xs aie lela ja

| |

; mm.\|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm. 170948....| Male....| PuloSiantan, Anamba | Sept. 10, 1899 iar me L. Ab- |136.5) 68 | 30 | 16 | 28.5 ott.

Islands.

171081....| Male.... 7 dimnala; Anamba | Sept. 21,1899 |..... doves 65 MSA 67.5) 35 | 16.5) 29 slands

170947....| Female.. Fue pientans Anamba| Aug. 24,1899 |....- GOlc Soeee 139. 7| 63.5) 33 | 15 | 28 slands.

1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 1883, p. 547. 2 Horizillas Oberholser, ‘Smiths. Mise. Coll., Quart. Issue, vol. 48, May 13, 1905, p. 65. 8 Malacopteron Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 102 (type, Malacopieron magnum Eyton) 4 Smiths. Mise. Coll., Quart. Issue, vol. 48, May 13} 1905, pp. 64-65. 6 Measured in the fiesh by the collector.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, 49 MIXORNIS PILEATA ZOPHERA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Mixornis pileata pileata Blyth, from the Malay Peninsula, but averaging larger; upper surface darker, more rufescent, the chestnut of pileum more extended posteriorly; lower parts paler; streaks on throat and jugulum much heavier.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171062, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, Anamba Islands; September 14, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum reddish chestnut (between chestnut and burnt sienna), the forehead mixed with grayish; superciliary stripe and sides of head and neck olive buff, with obscure streaks of dusky, the auriculars shading pos- teriorly into light reddish chestnut; rest of upper parts raw umber; middle tail-feathers and outer vanes of others, except two outermost pairs, chestnut, the tips and obsolescent bars which extend faintly over all the feathers almost to their bases, sepia, the rest of tail dark rufescent hair brown with numerous almost obsolete darker bars, the inner webs narrowly margined with pale brownish on their basal por- tions; primaries and secondaries dark hair brown, basally margined on inner webs with cream white, on outer webs with chestnut, except outermost primaries, which are edged with pale brownish; tertials chestnut; superior wing-coverts burnt sienna; edge of wing sulphur yellow; throat, jugulum, breast, and middle of abdomen sulphur yel- low, the throat and jugulum heavily streaked with black; sides, flanks, and crissum, olive buff; ling of wing pale sulphur yellow; ‘ris reddish brown; bill dark horn brown, dark leaden beneath; feet pale brownish green.”

This new form, in its pale, heavily streaked lower parts and large size, resembles Mixornis pileata everettr of the Natuna Islands, but differs from that bird in its lighter, much less rufescent (more grayish) upper surface (the back thus more contrasted with pileum), and in the somewhat heavier streaking of the anterior lower parts.

Eleven specimens were obtained, as follows:

Adult male, No. 170915, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170949, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. “Iris gray brown; feet brownish olive; upper mandible horn brown; lower mandible leaden; naked orbital skin blue.”

Adult male, No. 170950, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 11, 1899. ‘Iris dark brown; lores blue.”

Adult male (type), No. 171062, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171065, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15, 1899. ‘Tris ochrous brown.”’

1 The name in common use for this species is Mizornis gularis, which is the Motacilla gularis of Raffles (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 13, 1822, p. 312); but this is preoccupied by Motacilla gularis Gmelin (Syst, Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 997), and therefore untenable. The proper name seems to be Prinia pileata Blyth (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 204). This species should consequently stand as Mirornis pileata (Blyth). (See Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 9).

70536°—Bull. 98174

50 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male, No. 171082, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. ‘‘Tris dark brown; feet brownish green.”’

Adult female, No. 170914, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 17, 1899.

Adult female, No. 174796, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 23, 1900. “Tris pale yellowish gray; naked skin about eye dull blue.”

Adult female, No. 171064, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899. “Iris ochrous brown; upper mandible dark leaden; lower man- dible leaden; feet pale brownish green.”’

Adult female, No. 171063, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899. “Tris dark brown.”

Adult female, No. 171066, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15, 1899.

The above series is very uniform in color, notwithstanding con- siderable individual difference in the width of the streaks on the throat, and the degree of rufescence on the back. The female is in size identical with the male, but is noticeably less rufescent on the upper surface, excepting, of course, the pileum. All these specimens excepting the type, taken from August 15 to September 15, show evidences of molt in progress. Doctor Abbott writes that this was a common species on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; common in thickets on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; and that it was the commonest bird of any kind on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

Measurements of the entire series are given below.

Measurements of specimens of Mixornis pileata zophera.

a 3 tp °o q log U.S.N.M.| sex, Locality. Date. Collector. zs 38] y No. mail sp |6d| 3 Ss) Se ee ° ; 3 | cs ae |E |e | a 170950....| Male....| PuloSiantan, Anamba | Sept. 11,1899 | Dr. W. L. Ab- |..... 60 | 53 | 13.5] 18 senda bott. | Age ee lbae dose205 | 85 ROO Sae2 See acees Sept. 6,1899 |..... Oe eseeeaee 146.1) 61 | 51 | 14.5) 20 710655222 dos=s22 eo ‘Feiss, Anamba | Sept. 15, 1899 |..... do.......--| 136.6} 61.5} 53.5) 13.5} 18 slan 171062... .|... Goce ales Go2se eo SS eacce Sept. 14,1899 |..... Gots acess 152.4| 62.5) 55 | 13 | 19.5 170915... .|... dos: ao Rishi Anamba | Aug. 18,1899 |..... GOs aceon. 146.1) 63.5) 59 | 15 =| 20.5 sland: T71082 53 |5 5 do!-.-- Ful Tima, Anamba | Sept. 21,1899 |..... GO se eacseee| saci 62 | 55 | 14 | 20 Averagevof6 males seach oes 2! a aeasode nace eeetaecaner ae saeeeeecanes 145.3) 61.8) 54.4, 13.9] 19.3 171063....| Female..| Pulo Telaga, Anamba | Sept. 14,1899 | Dr. W. L. Ab- |146.1) 62 | 56 | 13.5) 19 Islands. bott. 171064255 | 225 does |bo to ee ei ad aR eee ee ae oO see eee numer GOs sedscee 136.6} 58.5) 51.5} 138 | 17.5 171066. ...|... GO hele ase GOse eee c ote aeeeae ep S, 1899 |....- GO es eetacsea lesa 60.5/349 | 12.5) 19.5 170914....|... do:-..- “Pulo Riabu, Anamba | Aug. 17, 1899 |..... dozstacase: 146.1; 65 | 61 | 14 | 20 Slands-o.cscsevoeece 174796....|... Goss sloee GOs ceset oss ctceneae Aug. 23,1899 |..... G0 s.ceencoe 149.4) 61.5) 56 | 14.5) 20 A:yersre.of'5 females = sos.< 5. cossscbwrera cere cceweats sateleecedeeseceueeeeass 144.6 61.5} 54.7| 13.5} 19.2 nal i Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. é Tail molting.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 51

Family TURDIDAE.

KITTACINCLA MALABARICA OCHROPTILA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Kittacincla malabarica' from the Malay Peninsula, but larger; male with the deep tawny color of pos- terior lower parts much lighter; metallic sheen of upper parts less purplish; female with slate color of upper surface and breast lighter, and rufous of posterior lower parts more uniform.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170954, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, September 8, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Whole head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, lesser and median wing- coverts, glossy blue black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; wing-quills, primary and greater coverts, clove brown, with a bluish black sheen on exposed upper surface; tail brownish black with a slight bluish sheen, the outer four pairs of feathers with broad white tips; whole of posterior lower surface and lining of wing deep tawny, the latter somewhat mixed with white.

Geographic distribution—The Anamba Islands, except the south- ern islands of Pulo Riabu and Pulo Piling.

The male of this new race differs from that of Kittacincla malabarica suavis, of Borneo, most conspicuously in having broad dark brown bases to the outer tail-feathers; the throat, breast,-and upper surface are not so deeply black, but somewhat more glossy. The female is very different from the male, and is likewise in striking contrast to the female of Kittacincla malabarica suavis, for the entire upper sur- face is slate color, not black; the wings and tail are lighter, and more brownish or slaty; upper wing-coverts with some tawny edgings; throat and breast slate color instead of black; rufous of posterior lower parts lighter; outer tail-feathers with brown bases.

Of this new form Doctor Abbott obtained seven specimens, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 170954, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Septem- ber 8, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170956, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171043, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171075, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 23, 1899.

Immature male, No. 171042, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899.

Adult female, No. 170955, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8, 1899.

i For the use of the specific name malabarica Scopoli in place of macroura Gmelin, see Richmond, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 1903, p. 512.

52 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Immature female, No. 171041, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31,1899. Length, 203 mm.

All the adult birds are in process of molt, involving chiefly the wing and tail feathers, though the type (No. 170954, U.S.N.M.) has the feathers of most of the chin and forepart of the head in their sheaths, and all the other specimens have some molting feathers on the body.

The adult female differs from the adult male in her shorter tail; smaller general size; dull, nonmetallic, bluish slate-colored upper parts, throat, and breast, the pileum with a brownish tinge; duller, more brownish wings and tail; tawny edgings on some of the upper wing-coverts; and lighter shade of the posterior lower parts, the thighs and middle of abdomen particularly paler.

The immature male (No. 171042, U.S.N.M.) obtained by Doctor Abbott is in process of molt, and is changing from the juvenal into the completely adult plumage. it differs from the adult male in partly brown head and back, the black feathers of the adult plumage having only partly replaced those of the juvenal dress; short, more brownish tail; much more brownish wings, the remiges edged partly on exterior webs with tawny, the greater and median wing-coverts broadly tipped with the same (the lesser coverts have assumed the black of adult phimage); sides of head and of neck dull dark brown, mixed with tawny ochraceous, also with a few black feathers, leaving only the center of chin, throat, and jugulum glossy black; posterior lower parts of a paler rufous.

The immature female (No. 171041, U.S.N.M.) is in what appears to be juvenal plumage, and differs from the adult female in having the upper surface lighter, decidedly more brownish, the pileum, back, and scapulars being particularly brown; the rump with an anterior band of tawny, and all the white washed with tawny; tail more brownish, all the white tips, excepting those of the two outer pairs, much mottled with brown; wings more brownish; remiges broadly edged on outer webs with dull tawny; median wing-coverts more conspicuously tipped with tawny ochraceous; lesser wing- coverts with a broad white streak along the shaft or on the outer web of each feather; forehead, lores, superciliary stripe, orbital region, and cheeks, dull white, finely mixed with brownish gray; sides of neck slate gray; auriculars slate gray, streaked with whitish; chin buffy white; a buffy ochraceous spot on upper throat just back of the chin; rest of throat rather light gray, washed and streaked broadly with buff; posterior lower parts much paler than in the adult. This example shows only slight indications of molt.

Doctor Abbott reported this species as common on Pulo Siantan from August 19 to September 6, 1899; and observed it also on Pulo Kelong, September 1, 1899.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 53

The following measurements of the adults of this race are all that eould be taken with any reasonable accuracy, owing to the molting condition of the wings and tail, and it is possible that the wing and

tail dimensions here given are, for the same reason, somewhat less than they should be.

Measurements of specimens of Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.

bs |, a | ia U.S.N.M » = “No. || Sex: Locality. Date. Collector. ba 38 & ‘ = wo | . | SA) s S\a\3 {8 e ; A/F] a | a e | | , mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. 170954....| Male.... oe Seat ASA Sept. 8,1899 |Dr. W.L. Abbott.|298.5]} 99 | 173 118 | 27.5 a Islands. aides lca. us. aes 2G OE ede Sept. 10,1899 |.....- OOseee ee: 1b. 9b cess loSee. | 16.8) 27 MAG hoses | dOs-s0- Pulo Jimaja, Anam- | Sept. 23,1899 |...... dorwense. os 228.6) O72) bla cese | 15 | 26 | ba Islands. | 17043. 212.200:..-- PuloManguan,Anam- | Sept. 1,1899 |...... GOs tenes esse 98) |osees | 15.5) 25. 8 ba Islands. | Reeaceptaicaritalese: -214is) enc. Le es Boe Sie 98.0) 173 | 16.3, 26.6 ai | | | | ne | 170955. ...| Female..| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 8,1899 |Dr. W.L.Abbott.|215.9| 88 | 108 | 16 | 24 | ba Isiands. 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

KITTACINCLA MALABARICA HETEROGYNA, new subspecies.

Subspecifie characters—Similar to WMKittacincla malabarica ochrop- tila,> but female very much darker, particularly on the throat, breast, and upper surface.

Description—Type, adult female, No. 170918, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, Anamba Islands, August 18, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts, slate black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; greater wing-coverts, primary coverts, and wing-quills, dark brown, between sepia and clove brown, these coverts somewhat darker, the greater series narrowly margined externally with tawny; tail clove brown, the three outer- most pairs of rectrices with broad white tips on both webs, the fourth pair with a broad white tip confined to outer web; posterior lower surface tawny, the thighs and middle of abdomen somewhat whitish; lining of wing tawny, a little mixed with whitish and dusky. ‘‘Iris dark brown; feet fleshy white.”

Measurements (of type).—Wing, 92 mm.; tail, 97.5; exposed culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 24.5.

Geographic distribution—Pulo Riabu and Pulo Piling, m the southern Anamba Islands.

Unfortunately, we have no adult male of this new race, but the female is easily separable, not only from Kittacincla malabarica

8 See, p. 5.

54 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ochroptila, but from the other races of the species. It differs from Kittacincla malabarica malabarica (specimens from the Malay Penin- sula) in its darker and more blackish throat and upper surface. It 1s even more different from Kittacincla malabarica suavis, for it has broad, brown bases to the outer rectrices, tighter, less metallic black (more slaty) upper parts and throat, and lighter posterior lower parts.

It is particularly interesting as being the only known instance of a second resident form of the same species on the Anamba Islands. It is apparently confined to Pulo Riabu, where Doctor Abbott says that it is fairly common; and to Pulo Peling, where he observed it, August 17, 1899.

Two specimens are in the collection—the type above described and an immature male, No. 170919, U.S.N.M., also from Pulo Riabu, taken, August 18, 1899. This bird is just beginning to molt from the juvenal into the adult plumage. The head, hind neck, and part of the back are still dull clove brown; the wings lighter brown of a more sepia tone, the quills rusty edged, and some of the coverts with tawny spots; the tail is short like that of the female, and dull colored; the sides of the head are dull brownish slate black, with small ochraceous streaks; chin and throat dull brownish slate color with rather large spots of ochraceous; posterior lower parts deep tawny rufous, the middle of breast slightly mottled with blackish, and the middle of abdomen white.

Family SYLVIIDAE. ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS (Temminck).!

Orthotomus atrogularis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Color. d’Oiseaux, vol. 3, livr. 101, 1836, text to livr. 101 (Malacca and Borneo).

Seven specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171002, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Length, 118mm. ‘‘Iris pale yellow brown.”

Juvenal male, No. 171025, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 108 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 170970, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899. Length, 115 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 171001, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Length, 108 mm. ‘‘Bill dark horn Bi anh brownish fleshy beneath; feet dark fleshy brown.”

Adult Gran No. 170968, U.S.N.M.; Pulo aaa August 20, 1899. Length,115mm. ‘‘Tris pale tow brown.”

Juvenal female, No. 170969, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899. Length, 111 mm. ‘‘Iris pale yellowish brown; feet pale brownish fleshy.”

1 This is the original spelling of the specific name.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 55

Juvenal female, No. 171089, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 23, 1899. Length, 111 mm. ‘‘Iris yellow brown; feet fleshy brown.”

Although the number of adults is too few to admit of a perfectly satisfactory comparison, they seem to be identical with birds from the Malay Peninsula which represent true Orthotomus atrogularis. The adult female is like the adult male, except that the black gular patch is much less extensive and broadly streaked with white.

The two youngest juvenal males (Nos. 170970 and 171001, U.S.N.M.) resemble the adult female, but have rather duller, lighter upper parts, particularly the pileum, with a mixture of olive green in the pileum; less black on the jugulum, and a wash of olive yellow across the breast.

The juvenal female is like the juvenal male, but entirely lacks the blackish on the jugulum and the olive yellow wash on the breast; the crown and forehead of one (No. 170969, U.S.N.M.) are entirely olive green like the back, save for one half-grown rufous feather; the forehead and sides of crown of the other (No. 171089, U.S.N.M.) are rufous, but the rest of the pileum is olive green.

The adult male (No. 171002, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 25, 1899, is in heavy molt of contour feathers and is also molting some of the wing-quills; and the adult female (No. 170968, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 20, 1899, is in the same condition. One of the juvenal males (No. 171025, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 29, 1899, is passing from the juvenal plumage into that of the first autumn, and has acquired the rectrices, nearly all the remiges, and approximately three-fourths of the contour feathers. The two other juvenal males (No. 171001, U.S.N.M., August 25, 1899; and No. 170970, U.S.N.M., September 5, 1899) are just beginning to change from juvenal into the first autumn livery; and one of the juvenal females (No. 170969, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 21, 1899, is in the same condition. The remaining juvenal female (No. 171089, U.S.N.M.), taken, September 23, 1899, has apparently rather more than half completed the change to first autumn plumage.

Doctor Abbott found this tailor-bird common on Pulo Siantan from August 19 to September 6, 1899.

Family GRACULIDAE. GRACULA JAVANA PRASIOCARA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Gracula javana javana, from Java, but larger; sides of crown more greenish.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170905, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, Anamba Islands, August 17, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire plumage black, excepting a large white spot on the middle of the six

56 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

outer primaries; middle of crown, the back, jugulum, and lower part of thighs, with metallic violet or bronzy violet sheen; throat and chin with a dull greenish blue sheen; sides of crown, sides of occiput, all of lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, abdomen, and crissum, with metallic bottle green sheen; margins of all the superior wing- coverts, except the greater series, with glossy bluish, greenish or violet sheen; wing-quills and rectrices with slight bluish or greenish reflections, excepting the inner webs of the former, which are brown- ish, decidedly paler along the basal portion of the inner margin.

This new race is most nearly allied to Gracula javana javana, with which it agrees in size of lappets and in having the supra-auricular bare space completely divided by a line of feathers. So far as known it is confined to the Anamba Islands. Birds of this species from Borneo and Sumatra seem to agree with those from Java.

Doctor Abbott obtained seven specimens, four of which (Nos. 171039, 174721, 170995, and 170905, U.S.N.M.) show slight evi- dences of molt. He found the species common on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899; and about Telok Ayer Bini on Pulo Siantan, Sep- tember 5-6, 1899. The measurements of all the specimens collected are as follows:

Measurements of Gracula javana prasiocara.

U.S = | : Bs 2s als c tS coo N.M.| Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | 2 | 38 os | aes No. — | wo NG Ee leSes alee $\/8 18/68 |3°) 8 \/ss [es Sleaia | | a [se BDA pas -|— . SS mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|\mm 170905 | Male....| Pulo Piling, Anam- | Aug. 17,1899 | Dr. W. L. |349.3:193 | 91 | 27.5) 16 | 41.5) 33 ba Islands.? Abbott. | 170995 | Male....- See te Aug. 25,1899 |...do...... (336. 6 178. 5, 85 | 28 | 15.5) 41.5] 33.5 a Islands. | 171039 | Male....| Pulo Manguan, | Aug. 31,1899 |...do...... 1330.2,185 | 87 | 28 | 16 | 39.5] 34 Anamba Islands. 170912 | [Male]}...| Pulo Riabu, Anam- | Aug. 18,1899 |...do...... 323.91193 | 93.5] 25.5) 15.5: 40 | 33.5 ba Islands. a eS EA VOER EO Ol tito Oss pie ein tea ola) aai rs aoe ea [eie eae eee eee et ee 335 187.4 89.1) 27.3) 15. 8 40.6) 33.5 174721 | Female..| Pulo Riabu, Anam-| Aug. 23,1900 | Dr. W. L. |336. 6/182 | 88 | 25 | 15 | 40 | 33.5 ba Islands. | Abbott. 170904 | Female.| Pulo Piling, Anam- | Aug. 17,1899 |...do...... 323.9180 | 82 | 27.5) 15.5) 40 | 32.5 ba Islands. | 171040 | Female .| Pulo Manguan, | Aug. 31,1899 |...do......|..... 178.5) 85.5) 28 | 15 | 89.5) 33 Anamba Islands. | Average ots (amales...) 1a4e Gees cena ee ease VEE $30. 3/1802} 85. 2| 26.8| 15.2] 39.8| 33 1 Meas'tred in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

The present species was first described in 1757 as Corvus javanensis by Osbeck,? in a pre-Linnaean book, which in 1771 was translated into English. This name has been in common use, dated from 1771, but according to present rules of nomenclature it is untenable, since the book in which it appeared was a mere translation of an

§ Dogb. Ostind. Resa, 1757, p. 102.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 57

ineligible pre-Linnaean work. This being the case, the species must take the name Gracula javana, because Eulabes javanus Cuvier! is the next available specific designation. This change Doctor Hartert has already explained.?

LAMPROCORAX PANAYENSIS HETEROCHLORUS, new subspecies.

Subspecifie characters.—Similar to Lamprocoraz panayensis striga- tus, from Java, but very much larger, and plumage of male through- out more bronzy or oily green.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170996, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, Anamba Islands, August 26, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire plumage, excepting the remiges and rectrices, metallic bottle green, with a slight bronzy tinge, the chin and throat with a some- what purplish sheen; remiges and rectrices blackish on upper sur- face, with steel greenish, bluish, and purplish reflections; lower _surface of tail and wings blackish clove brown, the under wing- coverts and axillars margined with metallic green.

This new race is very distinct and separable at a glance from Lamprocorax panayensis strigatus of Java by the characters above given. It is, however, more closely allied to Lamprocoraz panayensis panayensis, from which, in the male, as comparison with a large series of Philippine specimens shows, it differs in its more grassy, less oily or bronzy green upper parts, and particularly in its decidedly less bronzy lower surface, which is also much brighter green, par- ticularly on the posterior portions, where Lamprocorax panayensis panayensis is nearly always distinctly grayish. ,

Four specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 170996, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. Length, 229 mm.

Adult male, No. 170997, U.S.N.M.; islet near Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. Length, 216 mm.

Immature male, No. 170933, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August, 1899.

Immature male, No. 170998, U.S.N.M.; islet near Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. Length, 203 mm.

The type (No. 170996) is in perfect plumage; and the other adult male (No. 170997) is nearly so, though molting the under wing- coverts, with some of the wing-quills and body feathers. One of the immature birds (No. 170998) is in the juvenal plumage, which closely resembles that of the adult female, but is molting many of the body feathers. The other immature is similar but is more extensively glossy green above, has the breast nearly solid green, and the posterior lower parts much more mixed with glossy green; it is molting wing, tail, and body feathers.

i Régne Anim., vol. 1, 1829, p. 377 (Java). 2 Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 102, pp. 439-440.

58 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Doctor Abbott observed this bird on Pulo Mata, August 24 to September 1, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. The two adults measure as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.

| =, be S 3 Bae. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 8 : 3 a 2/2) 4/88 2 One 3 |KA| 8 e/Fl/alia@ le

170996....| Male....| Pulo Mobur, Anam-| Aug. 26,1899 | Dr.W.L. Abbott..| 229 | 108 | 76 18 | 23.5

ibe Islands.? ceeedo

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

The earliest name among the subspecies of Lamprocorax chalybeus of authors is of course Lamprocoraz panayensis (Scopoli),? which there- . fore becomes the name for the species as a whole, and of which Lampro- corax chalybeus becomes a subspecies. The proper designation for the last-mentioned form is, however, Lamprocorax panayensis stri- gatus Horsfield,t because Turdus strigatus Horsfield * has anteriority over Turdus chalybeus Horsfield * of even date.

Some recent authors have united the genus Lamprocoraz Bonaparte with Aplonis Gould, on the ground that the characters usually as- signed to these groups are not constant. This is true, for in both form of bill and of tail there are intermediates, which might without violence find a place in either group. There is, however, a structural character which does hold good for the separation of all the forms of both generaexamined. In Lamprocorax the second (counting from the spurious outermost) primary is decidedly longer than the fifth, while in Aplonis it is usually shorter, sometimes equal, but never longer. Furthermore, the recognition of two genera by this criterion leaves all the species, with one exception, in the genera in which they have been. This exception is Aplonis cantoroides, and the necessity for its transferral was long ago suggested by Dr. R.B.Sharpe.® The following species of these two genera have been examined in this connection:

Lamprocorax metallicus (Temminck) and subspecies.

Lamprocorax panayensis (Scopoli) and subspecies.

Lamprocoraz todayensis Mearns.

Lamprocorax minor (Ramsay).

Lamprocoraz cantoroides (Gray).

3 Muscicapa panayensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (Panay Island, Philip- pine Islands). 4 Turdus strigatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ser. 1, vol. 13, pt. 1, May, 1821, p. 148 (Java). 6 Turdus chalybeus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Tone ser. 1, wel 13, Dt. 1, May, 1821, p. 148 (Java). § Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol, 13, 1890, p. 125.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 59

Aplonis opaca (Kittlitz) (= Aplonis kittlitzi Authors). Aplonis atrifusca (Peale).

Aplonis vitiensis Layard.

Aplonis brevirostris (Peale).

Aplonis tabuensis (Gmelin) (=A plonis cassini Gray). Aplonis atronitens Gray.

Aplonis striata (Gmelin).

Family DICRURIDAE.

DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS MICROLOPHUS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters —Similar to Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus of Siam, but frontal crest denser, stiffer, and very much shorter.

Description—Type, adult male, No. 171074, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 21, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire plumage brownish black, all the exposed parts of the body plumage, except on the chin, throat, abdomen, and flanks, glossy metallic greenish or bluish, this on the breast taking the form of apical spots, on the pileum and nape broad V-shaped terminal markings which leave more or less well-defined dull shaft streaks, these most conspicuous on the crown; wings and tail somewhat shiny brownish black, the rectrices and remiges with their outer webs mostly metallic greenish or bluish, the exposed surface of the upper wing-coverts similar; racquets large; crest short.

Eleven specimens are in the collection, from the islands of Siantan, Jimaja, Piling, Mobur, Riabu, and Telaga. All are more or less in process of molt; some have the long racquet feathers fully developed, others but partially, while one (No. 170907, U.S.N.M.) lacks them entirely. Among the adults there is comparatively little individual color variation, though some specimens are rather more bluish, others more greenish on the metallic portions of the plumage. Three (Nos. 170906, 170908, and 170934, U.S.N.M.) are immature, in which condition they differ from the adults in being much duller, the upper parts mixed with brown, the lower parts almost entirely dull brown, with very few metallic bluish or greenish feathers. Doctor Abbott notes that No. 170934 (immature) has the

1 This species has for long been known as Aplonis kittlitzi (Finsch and Hartlaub) (Calornis kittlitzi Finsch and Hartlaub, Beitr. Fauna Centralpolyn., 1867, p. 109 [Ualan Island, Caroline Islands.}). It was, however, first recognized and described by Kittlitz (Kupfertafeln Naturgesch. Vogel, Heft 2, 1833, p. 11, pl. 15, fig. 2), who applied to it the names Turdus columbinus Gmelin (which is Lamprocorar panay- ensis Scopoli) and Lamprotornis opaca, a manuscript name of Lichtenstein’s, here first given nomen- clatural status by being published with a description anda figure. The latter name is introduced by Kittlitz in the following fashion: “Fig. 2. Turdus columbinus Gm. L. oder Lamproth. opaca Lichten- stein, ein hiiufiger Vogel auf den Marianen und Carolinen, * * *.”’ The species must therefore bear the name Aplonis opaca (Kittlitz), since this is long prior to Aplonis kittlitzi (Finsch and Hartlaub). Subsequently G. R. Gray called it Calornis opaca (Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. Brit. Mus., 1859, p. 26), using Lichtenstein’s name opaca, and citing the above-mentioned descriptions and figure of Kittlitz, under the name ‘‘ Lamprotornis columbina”’ Kittlitz,

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

60

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BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 61

Family MOTACILLIDAE.

MOTACILLA BOARULA MELANOPE Pailas. Motacilla melanope Pattas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 696 (Dauria, Siberia). One apparently immature female, from Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm.

Family NECTARINIIDAE.

ANTHREPTES MALACENSIS ANAMBAE, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters —Male almost identical with same sex of Anthreptes malacensis malacensis,! from the Malay Peninsula, but throat lighter; the yellow of median posterior lower surface averaging rather brighter and paler; female similar to that of Anthreptes mala- censis malacensis, but very much more greenish (less brownish or grayish) above, much more richly yellow beneath; immature male also readily distinguishable from that of Anthreptes malacensis mala- censis by paler, more yellowish olive green upper parts and somewhat more yellowish lower surface.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171009, U.S.N.M.; Pul Mobur, Anamba Islands, August 25, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum, cervix, back, and sides of neck, iridescent metallic bottle green, with some purplish reflections; rump and upper tail-coverts metallic royal purple; tail clove brown, most of the feathers with narrow metallic greenish or purplish external margins, the outer feathers rather lighter; wings grayish sepia, the quills and greater coverts edged ex- ternally with olivaceous; median coverts and scapulars broadly dull burnt sienna terminally; lesser coverts metallic royal purple; sides of head olive green; chin, throat, and jugulum, cinnamon rufous, bor- dered on each side by a conspicuous maxillar stripe of royal purple; breast and abdomen lemon yellow; flanks and crissum pale olive yel- low; lining of wing white, mixed with pale yellow.

Both adult male and adult female of Anthreptes malacensis anambae may be distinguished at a glance from Anthreptes malacensis chlori- gaster, of the Philippine Islands, by the much brighter yellow of the lower parts.

Immature males of Anthreptes malacensis anambae are very much like the adult female, but are somewhat more yellowish on the upper surface. The immature female is very much like the adult of the same sex, but is rather lighter, more yellowish above, and slightly paler below.

Doctor Abbott obtained, altogeth>r, 15 specimens, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171102, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 26, 1899.

! This is the original spelling of the specific name.

62 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male (type), No. 171009, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170984, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August —, 1899. ‘‘Bill black above, horny brown beneath; iris pinkish red; feet olive, soles yellowish.”

Adult male, No. 170985, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171037, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171051, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171052, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899.

Immature male, No. 171050, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31, 1899. Length, 117.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 174855, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Rittan, May 21, 1900. Length, 136.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 170982, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899. ‘‘Feet olive; soles yellow.”

Immature male, No. 171027, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899.

Adult female, No. 170983, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899.

Adult female, No. 171099, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18, 1899.

Adult female, No. 171100, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899.

Immature female, No. 171101, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899.

All of these specimens, excepting the single immature female (No. 171101, U.S.N.M.) and two of the immature males (Nos. 170982 and 174855, U.S.N.M.), are more or less in progress of molt. The adult female from Pulo Siantan, taken, August 24 (No. 170983, U.S.N.M.), is in badly worn and much faded plumage and had just begun to molt. Some of the adult males have the back, cervix, and pileum almost wholly metallic violet, but this seems to be an individual variation that appears in all the forms of Anthreptes malacensis.

Doctor Abbott noted this species common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and also observed it on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

The measurements of all the adults obtained by Doctor Abbott are given in the subjoined table.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 63

Measurements of specimens of Anthreptes malacensis anambae.

oe Sex. Locality. Date Collector.

osed cul- men.

| Wing | Tail. | Exp

: | Total length.!

Average of 7 males.........---..--.- Beene een ae

170983....| Female..| Pulo Siantan, An- | Aug. 24,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott..|136.8) 65 | 43.5) 17.5) 17 | _ amba Islands. 16.3

CINNYRIS BRASILIANA EUMECIS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters—Similar to Cinnyris brasiliana brasihana’, from the Malay Peninsula, but larger, particularly the bill; female lighter above, and paler, more greenish (less golden) yellow below.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170974, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Sian- tan, Anamba Islands, September 6, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum metallic grass green; lores black; sides of head and neck with hind neck and upper back, velvety black; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts, metallic deep verditer blue, with a pro- nounced violet sheen, this almost absent on upper tail-coverts; tail metallic indigo blue, with a violet tinge; wings clove brown, the greater and median coverts, together with the tertials, velvety violet black; throat metallic violet; jugulum, breast, and upper abdomen maroon; rest of abdomen and crissum brownish black, the latter with the feathers margined with paler brownish; lining of wing black.

The following six specimens are in the collection:

Adult male, No. 171096, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18, 1899.

Adult male (type), No. 170974, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Septem- ber 6, 1899.

Immature male, No. 170975, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 95.5 mm.

1 For the change of Cinnyris hasseltii to Cinnyris brasiliana, see Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60. No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 18.

64 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female, No. 170979, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. ‘Feet black.”

Adult female, No. 171056, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31 or September 1, 1899. ‘Bill black, brownish beneath at base; feet black.”

Juvenal female, No. 171097, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18, 1899.

The two adult males are identical except for the more golden shade of the metallic green crown, the more violet throat, lower back, and rump, and the lighter shade of red on the breast and upper abdomen in the type; but these differences are of course merely individual. These males are in molt about two-thirds to three-fourths com- pleted. The immature male (No. 170975, U.S.N.M.) is still almost half in the olive green and olive yellow juvenal plumage, which closely resembles the adult female, though darker and duller above. This bird is in process of molt, and the posterior upper and lower parts and tail are wholly, the breast, upper back, and wings partly, in the adult plumage.

The two adult females (Nos. 170979 and 171056, U.S.N.M.) are in nearly completed molt. The immature female (No. 171097, U.S.N.M., taken, September 19, 1899) is very much like the adult female, but is considerably darker above, and on the breast has obscure narrow dusky bars. It apparently has not yet begun to molt into the adult plumage. ;

Doctor Abbott reported this sun-bird common at Telok Ayer Bini, on Pulo Siantan, September 5-6, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja, Sep- tember 17-28, 1899.

Measurements of the four adults are as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis.

Wire ai nee | Vee & 8 , | + | oS Be | Sex. Locality. Date. | Collector. | & 3 8 3 = 3 5 | | 3 8b NG: §9/s]%65 | pie | ee et Ghee hae | 3 is 3 | 3 Vo | Pe | eave |e Pae , | mm.| mm.| mm.) mM.) mm.) mm 171096....| Male....| Pulo Jimaja, Anamba | Sept. 18,1899 | Dr. W. L. |...-- 49 || 31 || 16 | 12.2) 9 islands. Abbott 170974....|.-.do....-| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 6,1899 |...do...... 101.6) 49 | 28.5) 16 | 12.8) 9 | ba Islands. 2 | | SS | ee Se HASVALA LS: Ol GwWOMMAIES: ose ements eee seen ee se alceinipero 1101.6] 49 | 29.8] 16 | 12.5] 9 | (SS SHI SS SS | 170979....| Female..| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 6,1899 | Dr. W. L. |..... 46. 5) 26.5] 14.8) 13 | 8 ba Islands. | Abbott. | 171056....|.-.do...--| PuloManguan,Anam- | Aug. 31 or |...do......|...-. ABN 2t Nees 13 | 8 | ba Islands. Sept. 1,1899. | |—_—|—__-|---| -__| _|_— Avverage of two females: i's<.5 seas <meia <icreniaticerin sce ete minis seleiei eeiceeictas Gece 46. 3) 26.8) 14.8) 13 | 8

! Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 65 AETHOPYGA SIPARAJA OCHROPYRRHA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Aethopyga siparaja siparaja from Sumatra, but larger; adult male with red of anterior lower parts lighter; posterior lower parts paler, less blackish medially, and averaging slightly less olivaceous laterally. Young male lighter, more grayish or greenish (less golden) olive green above, and paler, less olive yellowish below.

Description.—Type, adult male, No. 174850, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Rittan, Anamba Islands, May 21, 1900; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Fore- head and fore part of crown metallic plum purple; lores black; sides of head and neck, occiput, cervix, scapulars, upper back, and lesser wing-coverts rather light maroon; lower back brownish slate; rump cadmium yellow; upper tail-coverts metallic royal purple; tail brown- ish black, the middle feathers and outer webs of most of the others margined with metallic purple; wings dark hair brown, the outer primaries narrowly edged with pale brownish, the secondaries, greater and middle coverts, narrowly margined with olive green; chin, throat, and jugulum, scarlet vermilion; a long submalar streak metallic bluish purple; posterior lower parts brownish mouse gray, the middle of breast dark brownish, the flanks slightly washed with olivaceous; lining of wing mostly dull white, exteriorly hair brown.

Fifteen specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 174850, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Rittan, May 21, 1900.

Adult male, No. 170977, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171008, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 27, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171007, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 27, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171028, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171038, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171054, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171098, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899.

Juvenal male, No. 171053, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31, 1899. Length, 108 mm.

Juvenal [male], No. 171055, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. “Bill black above, becoming pale fleshy brown at base beneath; feet dark fleshy brown; soles yellowish.”’ Length, 101.5 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 170978, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 105 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 170980, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 92 mm.

Juvenal [male], No. 170981, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10, 1899. Length, 108 mm.

70536°—Bull. 98—17——5

66 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Juvenal male, No. 170976, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899.

Adult female, No. 171061, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15, 1899. Length, 105 mm.

The adult males exhibit little individual color variation except on the posterior lower parts, which are in some specimens darker, more slaty. The colors of the plumage are apparently unaffected to any appreciable degree by wear, except that the red of the upper parts becomes rather duller in late summer. All the adult males taken between August 20 and September 19, inclusive, are more or less in process of molt.

The male in juvenal plumage is at first practically hke the adult female, though somewhat darker and duller or more bronzy, and usually with a touch of red on chin, throat or back. From this stage it passes directly into the adult livery by molt in the first autumn. One of Doctor Abbott’s specimens (No. 170980, U.S.N.M.) is all in female plumage, except for a very slight wash of red on the chin; another (No. 171055, U.S.N.M.) is similar, though darker and duller on the anterior lower parts, and with a slight reddish wash over most of the throat; another (No. 170978, U.S.N.M.) is like the last, but with a more extensive and conspicuous red gular patch; while a fourth lacks entirely the red on chin and throat, but has a large red area on the back. In all four of the juvenal males just mentioned the red- tipped feathers are evidently of the juvenal plumage, because they have olive-green bases, not blackish or white as have the red feathers of the adult. One immature male (No. 171053, U.S.N.M.) taken, August 31,1899, is stillin partly juvenal plumage, but has already acquired part of the adult dress in the brownish gray posterior lower parts; the yellow rump; the purple upper tail-coverts; purplish rectrices, though most of these are but partly grown; a line of red feathers down the middle of the throat, and many scattered red feathers on the sides of the neck, on cervix, back, and scapulars; and a few purplish metallic feathers on the forehead and in the submalar streak. The remaining juvenal male (No. 170976, U.S.N.M., Aug. 20) is in the plumage of the female, except for a reddish wash on the throat, and a few scattered bright-colored feathers of the adult livery, into which it is just beginning to molt.

Doctor Abbott reports that he found this species abundant on Pulo Manguan; and that in early September it was the commonest sun-bird on Pulo Siantan, where it inhabits the thick forest.!

Measurements of all the adults in Doctor Abbott’s collection are to be found in the following table:

1 For the character of this forest see plate 2, upper figure.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

> ~J

Measurements of specimens of Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

z Ties = 5 £8 A 3 Vee Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | & 38| . |23 - 3 8b 68/35 |t5 S\/E2lZ/F | & Es a8/F/a la |e |SB L mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.\mm. 174850....| Male....}| Pulo Rittan, Anamba | May 21,1900 | Dr. W. L. |114.3/ 50.5} 41.5) 16 | 12.7] 8.8 Islands.? Abbott. WO9R Tee < | asc d0s5.< Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Aug. 20,1899 |...do......|....- 48) cee 14.2) 12.5) 9 ba Islands. AZLOO Tea 51522 dot... yuo oDUr Anamba | Aug. 27,1899 |...do......}...-- 51.5) 38 | 15.5) 14.5) 8 slands.

171008... .|.. - OSes ete se One share oa Aoieinjccn Sal seme doreekees: es Onncateel sec 52.5| seas 15.5) 14 8 WULO28 e252 doe: mule ete: Anamba | Aug. 29,1899 |..-do.--...|.-.-- S022 |222'-|-nees 13.2|)9%eb slands.

171038... .|..- dove. Pulo Kelong, Anam- | Aug. 30,1899 |...do...... 1111.2] 52 | 42 | 15.5] 13 8

Family DICAEIDAE.

DICAEUM TRIGONOSTIGMUM HYPOCHLOUM, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters.—Similar to Dicaeum trigonostigmum trigono- stigmum,' from the Malay Peninsula, but male with gray of throat and slaty blue of upper parts and wings paler; juvenal female duller, more grayish (less greenish) above, and less yellowish below.

Description.—Type, immature male, No. 170972, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, September 8, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum, cervix, back, scapulars, sides of head, and sides of neck, rather light slaty blue (but still much mixed with the olive green and grayish olive feathers of the juvenal plumage); rump and shorter upper tail-coverts saffron yellow; longest upper tail-coverts slaty blue like the upper parts; tail-feathers fuscous, narrowly margined with dull olive green; wings fuscous, the superior coverts and quill-edgings mostly slaty blue, the inner margin of basal portion of primaries and secondaries white; chin and throat light blue gray; breast and sides cadmium orange; abdomen, flanks, and crissum, wax yellow, the middle of abdomen lighter; thighs pale yellowish gray; lining of wing yellowish white.

Four specimens are in the collection, as follows:

1 This specific name is derived from Tplywvos and ériyue; and when Latinized should undoubtedly be treated as an adjective. Thus after dicaewm, a neuter name, it should be trigonostigmum, not trigono- stigma, as usually written.

68 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nearly adult male (type), No. 170972, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8, 1899.

Immature male, No. 170971, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899.

Juvenal female, No. 170973, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 9, 1899.

Juvenal female, No. 171006, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. “Bill horn brown, orange beneath at base.”

Unfortunately neither of our two males is fully adult; but the plumage of the lower parts, in the type particularly, is practically complete; while there are enough new slate blue feathers of the adult plumage on the upper surface to show the difference in color between the Anamba. birds and those from the Malay Peninsula. The contrast between the females, both adult and young, of these two races is even more striking. The present form is, by reason of its much paler throat and upper surface, still more different from Dicaeum trigonostignum antioproctum Oberholser,’ of Simalur Island; Dicaeum trigonostigmum lyprum Oberholser,! of Nias Island; and Dicaeum trigonostigmum melanthe Oberholser,! of Pulo Lasia, western Sumatra.

Both of the males (the type, No. 170972, U.S.N.M., September 8, and No. 170971, U.S.N.M., September 5) are molting from the juvenal into the adult plumage, the former specimen with this molt about three-quarters complete; the latter with about a third part of the adult orange and a third of the adult blue-gray feathers of the lower parts, but with only a few scattered adult feathers in the plumage of the upper surface, wings, and tail, which are still in juvenal livery. The juvenal plumage of the male is practically like that of the adult female. One of the juvenal females (No. 171006, U.S.N.M., August 26) is in complete juvenal plumage, and shows no evidence of molt. In this stage the anterior lower parts are darker, duller, more slaty than in the adult. The other female (No. 170973, U.S.N.M., Septem- ber 9) is about a third molted into the adult plumage, all but most of the lower surface of the body being still in juvenal livery.

Doctor Abbott reported this species common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; also on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and he observed it on Pulo Mata, August 24 to Septem- ber 1, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

Although none of our specimens are entirely adult, they seem to be nearly or quite full grown. Their measurements are as follows:

1 Oberholser, Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 21.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 69

Measurements of specimens of Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum.

a a Se

% 5 ee

qd ' °

ee Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | 2 SS] ue |=

: = | wo i 3 GH} 5s Se

si2a/3 B g \=3

eiEFja la |e Se

mm.\ mm. mm. mm.| mm.| mm.

LOST S24) ME a Le) |. 335. GOeeevecemeatseme os Sept. 5,1899 |...do.......| 95.3] 51 | 24 | 10.1) 14 dad

juvenal. > PAVOLAP CIOL LWONMBICS onc csloccin cw aciclee ac siecle caicmenccbeccibecwere 92.1) 50.3} 23.8! 10.1) 13.5) 8.0 170973....| Female, | Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 9,1899 | Dr. W. L. “88.9 46 23 10 | 13 8

= juvenai. ba Islands. Abbott,

1710063... <= dozss= Pulo Mobur, Anamba | Aug. 26,1899 |...do.......|.....| 50 | 22 | 10.6) 13 7.8

Islands. Ramco of two femmalen se 4 cee a hae Se ie lg 88.9| 48 | 22.5] 10.3) 13 | 7.9 I

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 1 Type.

INDEX.

[Figures in black-faced type indicate family, specific or subspecific headings.]

Page.

abbotti, Hypurolepis javanica............. ae 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 32, 33

ACLILIS NY DOOUCAS sos. -5eesccece sce « 4,6,8,9,15 hypolevca aurita-- 2c. n-c0ceess-se= 15

adina, Dendrophassa vernans..........----- 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 10, 11,20, 21

PASHIALhIS PAMITONSIS =<. .csnens scccesess ace ce 13 AOPILNINS VIFIGISSIMA -.. - = coe eesccwiesscnicciss 41 thapsina.... 5,6,10, 11,40, 41

VITIGISSIMGS =- ose c- a= 40

aeneus, Muscadivores aeneus.........------- 18 Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha........-.-.- 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 65, 67

Gipcene pase Ss Mee easonse 65

PICRGINIGAOM seen ae oe one cn ces esses sorisclece 22,25 ACO Gee ener nn Meu akeccectessecaswes 26 DOUCAIONSISG a soc esene ee a o-sceccels 23

ispida bengalensis...........-- 5, 6, 8, 11, 28

ISPIGRe peceen eee ees ce cance == 23

Alcippe magnirostris................------+- 47 PAN CMONG Sees Stee aneacian = sos aeiseniseismicles 26 amechana, Collocalia fuciphaga..........---- 1,27 vestita......... 5,9, 10, 11,27

amelis, Hypothymis azurea........-.------- 40 anambae, Anthreptes malacensis...-..-..--- 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 61, 63

Anous'stolidus pileatus.......-..---------- 4,11,17 Anthreptes malacensis..........--.--------- 62 ANAMD Re sence =n ee 5,

6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 61, 63

chlorigaster..........- 61

malacensis......----- 61

antioproctum, Dicaeum trigonostigum...... 68 Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis.... 5,7,9, 11,48 PA LOMIS eee ce aiccteticcnlss cmciesanieniarinse 58 AEPMUSCR eae eeiewecees esses se =<me 59 LOMO S seeesserine esos osaace = 59 IDneViTOSLMS see eee ee aeer et aan 59

GAELOL CLOGS earaee ea eeee eee ceca 58

CASSIN aoe ee nese ee ane scten eee 59

ab hitaie eee ste ata ence se eaiece 59

OPACH=s se se ase mina foes oneness == 59

SUTIALH one pepe nee cence cs ceceneceste 59 TAPUGNSISee cee cee eee wee senna eae 59 WihlONSiS on -5 sence ase nasa ene ea = 59

PAT GOA jSVANICA 2. come nce one ces =- new en nase 12 SAOTAS Se cesaessee nee ceo ween a~ sain 12

PATO RIGHOU Ge ence acccaseasose ekoceeccesa= == 12 Arenaria interpres oahuensis...-.....----- 4,7, 9,12 PAGOM AT GAG ss see seae eat encieee sees ncie'min==s 12 argentata, Therosa.............------------- 26 ATLONtALUS, COYX. <= <= -<c000--0.------------0 25 Artamides sumatrensis bungurensis..-...-.-.- 35 calopolius. 5,7,10,11,84, 35

GHEE Soooeeee 35

sumatrensis........-- 34

Page.

asiaticos;| Chayradsuster cess acon acescesee ee 13 airifrons; \Charadnusss-----sccece-ceceetsce=e 13,14 Cirrepidesmus. ............ 4,7,8,9,18,14

airifusca, Aplonista-sccaccesseccnecstseceress 59 atrogularis, Orthotomus.......... 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 54, 55 SUWONnITONS A PIONS saa seesacescee sc es oaeee 59 aurita, Actitis hypoleuca.................... 15 AZUTOR WEY POLY IMIS-assecaasen aeseeeeesasees 38, 39 banyumas, Cyornis banyumas............--- 36 pengalensiss AlcedOss5-5- occeaecnce - cclecwass 23 Ispida is cesses neses 5, 6,8, 11,23

berg nalasseus-=-.-c.-ceeaccsciasseessoeee 15 bicolor. Columba ons --ase >see ee neceee eee 18 MiyristiCiVOra-s.<sacce===ne= 4,5,6,7,11,18 Brachypteryx malaccensis............------- 48 iBrachy pus: modestuS=—.----e---sseseeemeem= = 46 prasvliana CinnyriSs-.-0--5s-52->scesenens == 63 bTaASWiana sce seaE eee 63

brevirostris, Aplonis........-.. Fasc cae oetce 59 prunneus; PycnOnotus. -- 2.22 ssccee seamen ne 44, 46 Drunneus==-ce- ee ees 45, 46

bungurensis, Artamides sumatrensis......-.. 35 Graucalus®: +o 2c. -.ssncce- scene 35 IBmteoniGsOsoreneeacese se eee ane eee 12 Butorides javanicus javanicus..........-.- 4,11,12 WiTCSCENSS 25-3 occ tee see eee eee 1

calocara, Hypothymis azurea.........------- 39 Caloenasmicobaricaeses sa. eee sence a= 4,11,17

calopolius, Artamides sumatrensis.5, 7, 10, 11,34, 35

Calonnis KiGtiizises oascee sense a eeee esteem 59 ODSCAl ce soe. sees ence ea nee seseae =e 59 Campophagidae...........-.-.-.------------ 34 cantoroides, Aplonis...........-------------- 58 Damprocorax..--.....5..------- 58

cassini, Aplonis..............---------------- 59 COYCISS sacacaraancccsssusa ss cosceee seen pes 25 ceylonensis, Hypothymis azurea......------- 39 COV Rae ses cese conection eene ease eae = a=eees 25 argentatuS...-.-....2css-cee~cccesen--e= 25 cyanopectus............-----2--------- 25 Gulwy tl psoas eae cicc esses =a aae 23 ENOpOpygiUS...........-.-22----------= 23 @Uerytbra.....~--- <<< -nesencenn=-=-== 23

rabies (olds: eee ee ee eR SS ss 23 TODUS{A. |. ccc een aseneeseeeee 23

rufidorsus innominatus..........------ 23

TUG OFSUSse esas eee == 5, 9, 11,28 SHSTPCl....24=-sesseeece=<esese=ae==s a= 23 SOMILATIUS 2 oe seoncemescecenasea ses smee 25 ETLGACUYLUS ae niceee 2 = osha aan 23, 24, 25 WACKOCEIUS. .-.0<..2---nn=<= 24, 25

TIC ACT VlUSeces accesses 24, 25

Chalcophaps indica indica..........----- 4,7,11,17 chalybeus, Lamprocorax.......-..---------- 58 Wayrdasseo cet oe cnenne sess ee = ae 58 chalyburus, Muscadivores aeneus.....------- 19

we INDEX. Page. Page

@haradriidaet 2: sete aa ns necenccncsecceeecee AS | Wieruridae-ccsccecesssacrcisse sence cee ee ease 59 Charadritsiasiaticuss-o-seeeeesses-se asses es 13 | difficilis, Artamides sumatrensis........-.... 35 StONS esas see sees cee ee ees 13,14 Graucalus sumatrensis............. 35 CINCLUIS: eee eee Ree eee eee 12) | <dillwynnis\Ceyxuss secscesease-neasecee scenes 23 fuliises ceca see c cane cree Cees 13 | Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus......... 5; PeOrOyisee= 2 Accscaeeciec esse 13 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,59, 60 INCONSPICUUS:= qs seeeeoeeeae sae 13,14 paradiseus--22e-- ssc. 59 feschensmliitees= se eeoneeeeerae 13" |-domrcola, Hirtmdon jes -soeeee ses ese e es seeae 34 pyrrhothorax. sce -sesces esas 13 Hypurolepis javanica.............. 33 Chelidonz)s:o. -. so sme cece seseise epee ae 32) Wenopopyelus, Coyxe ces ose seas eee aa 23 chiroplethis, Pycnonotus plumosus..-....---- 5: |p ebomotherdan fo ees eee see ese 22 6,7, 10, 11,42, 43 | erythrogaster, Hirundo...............-...-.- 31 chloeodis, Pycnonotus olivaceus....-.-.-..--- 44,45 | erythrogastra, Hirundo....................-- 31 chlorigaster, Anthreptes malacensis....-.-..-- 61 | erythrogastris, Hirundo..................... 29, 31 cinclus, Charadnitise-- =. cesecee ene eects = ae 12 Huirundorusticae-sasase esses 29, 31 Ginnyrisibrasilianaesse- foecee ee eer see 63 | erythrognathus, Phoenicophaeus.........-.- 22 pvasilianeee eee aesse eee 63 Urococey x. ss.ce-eeseese 5, 6, 11, 22 enumecis.. 5,7,8,9, 10, 11,68,64 | euerythra, Ceyx..............-..--...------- 23 MESSE LE Meee cise nem eee ame soe eee 63) pH Mlabesfavanus- sete. meee aiee ene aee anaes 57 Ginmrepidesmusgseatte ates seme eeeene ssecise 14 | eumecis, Cinnyris brasiliana..... 5, 7,9, 10, 11, 63, 64 SbriinOnsseceoscseeeee ASO hoe 4a PEA OO Warten elnwete meisciee ais acraeitelel Deen 13 GIATa Vai dase ee Oe ote ean ane ciecact eres 17 ‘| eurhinus, Totanus totanus..............-- 4,8,9,14 coeruleocephala, Hypothymis azurea-.--....-.- 39 |) everetti, Mixornis pileata-.. 522-22 ------<c- 49 Collocalia fuciphaga amechana.......-------- 127) | aI COMCHCOPASLOR seem cere eee eset een 12 OWA So eOR eee ee ce ree een: 5,6, 11,26, 27 | forrestia, Hypothymis azurea................ 39 Malawanensis.2 ccc. <a s45- 260 |e Erezatasmin Orin Ones aaa aciseeeecceserste 4,11,12 OTIPENIS Se one eteee seen tees O7 |) Brepatidae.: sack este cesewsnenaeseces tacmene 12 vestita amechana.--..-....-- SOO yA 27s) RONCANS, Heli On tere ene latoiniaiale lara e alateretatet ale 33 whitehesdi: se 3 ose e ssocceecens 26, 27 Hypurolepis frontalis.............- 33 palawanensis.........- 26.27 | pfulva, Pluvialis'dominica: ssp. -cccece see 4,9,18 whiteheadi............ 26.2 |PUbyUS, CHALAGTRUS Sen = cee iaieescsecie eeeieaciai= 13 Columbarbicolors. 2 2.eceressss-esecn=s serie 1S |Pealoulus, orlculussessscmessmeesr eae 4,11,21 INCICASs 4 ca ca seem selec Se ede 17 PSILIACUS eee saeco ene aaee 21 NICOPSLICAL. sealae ees see easete 17 | geoffroyi, Charadrius. .....-. Saetee eae ieee maces 13 columbina, Lamprotornis..........--.---.---- 59 | gigantoptera, Hypothymis azurea........... 40 ColuM bINUS BUTCUSSee soso ens seeicceseesee 5O°)) (Graculajavandsc.cseerscecscoeeceecacocs see 57 comata, Hemiprocne comata.....-..--..-- 5, 11,28 JAVENA soc emern emcees ciesset 55, 56 COMIanTISN CYPSClUS i. ae aa caceeesiene ees 28 prasiocara..-.. 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11,55, 56 consobrina, Hypothymis azurea.........-..- AQ ni Graculidae ae seereess seen aeersnceee an tats 5d Conurus longicaudus: .......3...-......- 58) 11.20 9) (Gravealus Dune ITenSIS eases s-sse cece ae 35 CLIStALUS sUANIS Seceeess-acicte ossen ie ures 5,9, 34 sumatrensis difficilis.............- 35 Cuculidaesd cc sc2 cesta sase she occas ee ODP eilaris MixOniS ae ecere cee creseeetanssccie 49 Cuncuma Jeucogastris.........-..... 4,5,6,8, 11,12 Mofacillas-ncsce cc sasceee acess 49 eyanescens, Sauropatis chloris.......-.- PAGAL eee SULTS el PUN Obese se eee isleelae te celoeicteisters 28, 29 cyanopectus; Ceyarntocecacce ces sesiiansse se oe 25 rustica ........ 5,9, 28, 29, 30, 31 AENONOSA Lecce wee aces atten SOME AlCYONee acess ce eee e eee a emiqneeecioe 22 Gy Ormises ease et ins je cee e es aineesesinc ee saeseen 37 | halizonus, Pycnonotus simplex.............- 5, banyumas banyumas...-.....-.-.-- 36 6,9, 10, 11,48, 44, 45, 46 lampra-.. 5,6,7,8,9, 10, 11,85,37 | harterti, Hemiprocne longipennis........ 5,9, 11,28 philippinensis........-..- 35,706) | DASSBItiL.. ClBTY TIS’ ems sa eee eceeeae 63 Cypselus) 2-2-3552 oseseeoscsecegeesoseaee 26; |Hemiprocne=ss-sccsececessss esos aes eerie 28 COMAtUS a. Ssassascsee esiee essere see 28 comata comata..........-...- 5, 11,28 SUbturcatus: >. .cescaccetaeeeagecenes 26 longipennis. ..... soe seeeeeease 28 Demiegretta sacra sacra.......--.--------- 4,11,12 hartertic. .. 2... 5,9, 11,28 Deudrophasss sees aes oswe ce see clsemacice 20 longipennis......... 28 VernNans ad ine ooo ncmie cee ee 4, OCYPltCras-< see -e eee 28 5,6, 7, 8, 10, 11,20, 21 perlongalzs. sseee- 55 28 Webnariss s sso csce ca 20 tha. hoc cscccase 28 Wicnei dae tener meena deste eeieeeeee cee 675 Hemiprocniddess. 2.2222 asso ne eae 28 Dicaeum trigonostigma.............--.-.---- Ge i Wfersey neo ose cee tect eee re eee ee eemiee cae 34 trigonostigmum antioproctum. .... 68 | heterochlorus, Lamprocorax panayensis..... 5, hypochloum...... 5, 6, 7,8, 10, 11,57, 58 7,10, 11,67,69 | heterogyna, Kittacincla malabarica.......... bs ly primis: sess ee 68 6, 7, 10, 11,53 melanthe.......... 68). Hirundinidae:sos-> coae cscs cece se see eeeeee 28

trigonostigmum... 67

HIN Os2o eaette es acoet as see ae eee Seeeeie 30, 32

INDEX. 73

Page. Page*

PMTUT GO donnCOyas. - F222 ss ees cccescacene © | javanica Arden =e 35 <5 co. cates e ces see ee 12 enythropasten: ce. -.c<sscnecescsee 31 vUHUOS oss ecscsees See cewees aes 32 EnvighrOPasiravacctice saceee eoeeces ae 31 Hypurolepis javanica.............- 32, 33 palmeritjgcesceess uae 29 | javanicus, Butorides javanicus............ 4,11,12 ervihropastrisnuscccccst sc a sceeees 20,31} javanus, Mulabes:-osss. cen saccccshocccecos oe 57

fron talignwerss se a8se ss ee eet ss 5 33 | Kittacincla macroura.:..-...<.........c2s. 3) bt SutiTTalishtase jentses acscaaceeee eee 28, 29 malabarica........ et eco 5,51

JaVaTICHe scece Ls Jee le sae ece ccc esee 32 heterogyna.. 5,6,7,10, 11,58

NCOROM D2 2s5> Ss ass eesk ees ee esas 34 malabarica............ 54

MUStICAL Sass ess ccee cee nes secs 30, 32, 34 ochroptila............ 5,6, Oryunrozastris..--2e- cs s2s=- 29, 31 7,8, 9,10, 11,51, 53 gutturalis........ 5, 9, 28, 29, 30, 31 SUAVIS*-c.2- se teeee eee 51,54

BUSOC eee ciscice sem osiee 29°30, 300 |p KGUELIEZI OA DIONIS So seamen sens eee ee eS 59

GaVIFOTION te ooo eee 30, 31 Calornisteo-e aoe ees ee eee eee 59

GPANSMAVE. + oot ses ce ee 29, 30,31 | lampra, Cyornisbanyumas. . 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 85,37

EY PIOHIO a hae eso se 2OF SUN ois CaM PrOCOlaxs = sce Sse a.-5=- paeeee eset e eee 58

SOVIONHNee ey seers eacete ae Se eS ee 29, 31 cantoroideSs:.2..cse<-- esc esee 58

SUDMISCa ease este ee eee Case 34 Chalybeusts:s.scee cess cen ceeee 58

Gahition=* See et eo cosh cee ces 34 metallicus: s-.- <2. odeeececees 58

GVUleRPas 2242s ote teas So sse oes 29, 30 MINOM... ccsacecececesceuceeeees 58 PEROLIZIM AA Hon SAE RY Oe ete, eae aoe akeuee se 48 MANAVOUSISs-. o- 2-35-0226 es cose 58, 59 MIAN Ses sce cce deine Selcisccsle's 48 heterochlorus.....- 5,6, MALHITOSEFIS.S 2 55s Socios see SF 5, 7,9, 11,47 7,8, 10, 11,57,58 hypochloum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum ..... 5, panayensis......... 57 7, 10, 11,67, 69 sirieatuss-.-s--cse: 57, 58

Mnypoleucay Actitis:ss552ssccceecseceese 4,6,8,9,15 TOCAVENSISS.2 ccc c case oceeeeoe 58 Wey poleucos; Lrinea:.. 2222.5. .sske ss wskoes 15 | Lamprotornis columbina.................-.- 59 Fey pothymis azured.s o25 65.2. .n5ccscceeccswe 39 OPRCH= ota ctacencneeteene secs 59 BHONS EE Se oe eens 40 | PGar dae eo fas. acess saccccsnenensenciseencies 34

AIM OR eo sd sso 8h cas 38530) eLanins ClISiabUSs=ce ea ccseeee ce ne hace ce eeee 5, 9,34

calocaras civ 2829s8 cic. < SOU lPaeaniddey tM ecco cee cas enccsent ccecee cen sees 15 eéylonensis..-...-...2--- 39 | leschenaultii, Charadrius...........-....---- 13 coeruleocephala....-.-..- 3 PavOw sco eaceecesecateraene 4,8,9,18

COnSOpriNna=: 5. ---scos6a5 407 ledcoraster: EaICOl- — coc ccnecscccusen et eeeeee 12 forvestiaccessoe et ess sens 39 | leucogastris, Cuncuma....... Uearcace 4,5, 6,8, 11,12 gigantoptera...-.-..----- 40 | leucophila, Hypothymis azurea.............. 40

IGHOCHTOD. 2 SS cece. jatee's 39) |Dlongicands. Psittacus.ss. 0+. cee scer see cee=s 21

ASOCALG 6s so ose acess 40 } longicaudus, Conurus...............-.--- 5,8, 11,21

leucophila oo 55-2 2t5- ee 40 | longipennis, Hemiprocne............--...--- 28

NICOMBLICA 25 seccn- 5 39 longipennis.......-. 28

Oberholser. =. .s..-. 02-2 - SOME MOrICiiS CaleUlUS+-sscceseacesee seers oseas 4,11,21 opisthocyanea.......-.-- Pe lowl. Gollocalia:--. cscs soconeco esac 5, 6, 11, 26, 27

5,6, 8,9, 11,38, 39, 40 | lyprum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum .......... 68

Ponerals iver testes 40 | macrocarus, Ceyx tridactylus...........-.-.- 24, 25

PLOPNAise sess | Jose see ou) | Macroplenrykec a. -cseess sess se secaeneeonen aa 28

richmond. .sscesess sees 40) | macroura, Kittacincla..........-.-.-c.s<ss-- 51

Siyalliesy. socaeseeet eos S0ulbmiaens sHoriziliss--- soo. se se <sneceaseceee aeons

Symmiixta. j5_ aces see 40 | magnirostris, Alcippe.............-.---..0.00 47

Lytlorieas I eae coseee 39 Horizillas? <7 cecee ww ccens 5, 7,9, 11,47

HM PUTOLODIS, < <02- = 530 se cv aden ceo ceew eres 34 OsdicneMmns=aspee-assenaeesa 15 javanica abbottibvesse =. - cease 5, Orthorhamphus............. 4,11,15

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,82,33 | magnum, Malacopteron............-.-.----- 48

domicolac -eoteecuee- 33 | malabarica, Kittacincla...........---.------- 5,51

frontalisy ssa ssceae seer 33 malabarica.......... 54

JAVALNCR Ee ose ec ae 32,33 | malaccensis, Anuropsis malaccensis.... 5,7,9,11,48

idiochroa, Hypothymis azurea.........-..... 39 IBTACHY PUY kn = coe eoscesenene a - 4 inconspicuus, Charadrius..............------ 13,14 | malacensis, Anthreptes...............-.---00 62 indica, Chaleophaps indica............-. 4,7,11,17 malacensis........... 61 Colimpa esos seen eee ace sees aes 17) | Malacopteron..- oss --- se ccc ce aeceeoesseseee =e ae innominatus, Ceyx rufidorsus...........-.-.. 23 MACNWDIL. Soe cee eecee se ean scene 48 WOLSTOM VCORE aig) oo cns sac ce ese eae coece sons 44 | melanauchen, Sterna...............-.-.-.-0- 16 isocara, Hypothymis azurea............-....- 40 melanauchen. 4,7,8, 11,16, 17 ispida, wAlcedospida = 2scccce--cosecese acess 23 | melanope, Motacilla..................------- 61 PERV ATA GRACU aaa ao aie a eich sate siclaim seine 57 jojo cyt ee ee See 5, 8,9, 61 HOVIMA cen oe cess wneeee eel 55,56 | melanthe, Dicaeum trigonostigmum......... 68

74 INDEX. Page Page

metallicus, Lamprocorax........-.--+---+--+ 68 | perlonga, Hemiprocne longipennis........... 23 microlophus, Dissemurus paradiseus....--.-- 5, | philippinensis, Cyornis banyumas........... 35, 26 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11,59, 60 | Picnonotus simplex. ........---....--------- 44, 46 MiicropOdid aes nee sec en oe seein etree alate oletals 260 plleata yMixorniS:ssaseeucsessersceesen scans 49 Micropus subfurcatus.......2..-------+--=- 5, 11,26 pilesta tas aica eee cog 49 minor regata minor. 2-2-6 = seeswese -e 4,11, 12 PRIMI cho Soe vase os aaa 49 Wan pT OCONLK=AAs sa seeeeeese ence eae 58 Stornas 3. iso Use sees eae 17 iPelecaniiss. socececeereneare Seiticteees 12 | pileatus, Anous stolidus..................- 4,11,17 THIN LaEASO DIME ee en eee a aeecnes cise see 14515) (Pi Risobiaminutalseen sos ce see eee eee e 14,15 Waxonnisi 2 laniS= sees aee ee eeeesreiiaiie ee 4 TUMLCOMIS: 32s auseec ccc sceees 4,7,9,14 pileatatera-cccesceeseenses= ee macs 49 | Phoenicophaeus erythrognathus............. 22 OVereuileeee cae eeese cena 49' }) plumosus; Py cnonotus=..c-s---52--s05-sos—" 44 Milesiaee eee eee eeeeer aa 49 plumosuseceeeesesses 41 zophera.... 5,6,7,8,9, 10, 11,49, 50 | Pluvialis dominica fulva................--- 4,9,18 MILOGeSstUS, BLAChy NUS! oss am ese siesas eee 46 | polius, Muscadivores aeneus... 4,6,7,8, 10,11, 18,19 Motacilla boarula melanope.........----- 5,8,9,61 | ponera, Hypothymis azurea........ aero 40 PMI PRISER skeen cs odoasscee opesce 49 | prasiocara, Gracula javana.... 5,6,7,8, 10, 11,55, 56 Moelanopess: sasecsesecccns = GL | prillwitzi, Pyenonotus).2--esssssceseeeeee ese 47 Motacilliddess senses atone saceeecnasaece se 61 simploxcsteesee tees 47 Muscadivores aeneus aeneus..-..-.-.-------- 18: iP Priniapileatas.—psscncnsue oe oases seeeeeces ae 149 ChalybuUTuUss cece scle 19 | prophata, Hypothymis azurea............-.. 39 polius... 4,6,7,8,10,11,18,19 | provida, Sterna malanauchen.............-- 16,17 Muscicapa panayensis..............--------- S8MMPSittacl@acsoans. otal e res cad ene eae emer 21 Zan tao py clas ee ansce ese ees sere 38) sPsittacus ealauluss aces ease nee nee 21 Miscicapldaeteteenenaaseeeeeeee cece oe 35 LON PICA asa se ees atest 21 Myristicivora bicolor...........----- 450} 6,)0,.11, 18 1) SPyconOnOtiGae -\s-2- eos eae aa eee eee 40 Neclariniidaes.<< eee = oae eee cose ec ee cenee 61 | Pycnonotus brunneus...........-..--------- 44, 46 WEOKONS. Elin Om msee ese eetemeisaasiseree ea 34 DLunneuse-seee eee 45,46 micobarica.\Caloonass.-sssceeceeneeae seme 4,11,17 zapolius.... 5,6,10, 11,45, 46 @oluimib Se ee ee seem eee sensi 17 olivaceus chloeodis........------ 44,45 Hypothymis azurea.........-..-. 39 plumosus 2heewae ets ecece ee ese 44 oahuensis, Arenaria interpres.......-.---- 4,7,9, 12 chiroplethis.......... 5, DIA a sae ene so aera tales neater sins inl 12 6, 7,10, 11,41,43 oberholseri, Hypothymis azurea.........-.-- 39 pluMoOsUSeseeceee sees 41 ochroptila, Kitvacincla malabarica.......---- 5, PE witzis sn seeeeees ee ener 47 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11, 51, 33 Simplexscscceessecesccccetssce 44,45 ochropyrrha, Aethopyga siparaja-.......-.-- 5, halizonusses: ee 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11,65, 67 6, 9,10, 11,43, 44, 45, 46 ocyptera, Hemiprocne longipennis...-.------ 28 Olivacellsee Aone 43, 45 Oedienemidaecensssesseee sean saeete acne ae 15 prilivitzivessssece sere es 47 Oedicnemus magnirostris..........-.-.-.---- 15 simploxeeesce. dsceee ce 43, 45 olivacea, lole......----------+-++-++-+eeeeee 44 | pyrrhothorax, Charadrius.............------ 13 olivaceus, Pycnonotus simplex....--.------- 43,45. | RhamphoeoceyKs./.-<-+sseeesese--seetaeess 22 opaca, Aplonis.......-------+----+-+-++++++++ 59 | richmondi, Hypothymis azurea............. 40 Calornis.......--.---++-+-++++++---+-- 59 | robusta, Ceyx rufidorsa............2-------+- 23 Lamprotornis....--..-------+--++++-- 59.) suficollis, Pisobia...-2u.cocasess-s----s0e 4,7, 9,14 opisthocyanea, Hypothymis azurea........-- 1, Wrists. 342 rene oan ese 14 5,6, 8, 9, 11, 88, 39, 40 rufidorsa,: Coy: sss acaoees tace scree ereeese 23 origenis, Collocalia.....-.--+--+-++++++++++++- 27 | rufidorsus, Ceyx rufidorsus............-- 5,9, 11,28 Orthorhamphus magnirostris........------ 4,11,15 | rustica, Hirundo............--e.-eeeeeeee 30, 32, 34 Orthotomus atroguiaris.........- 5,6, 7,9, 11, 54, 55 rustica: :dee ee 29, 30, 31 OSMOtMCNON eee em aes se = a elalanlatnia entail 20 ||" sabre pAndan: JX. 0. ato: so) cau k deere 12 Pagoa....-------------+-- 222s reer eeee trees 18 Demierretita cheeses 2s tee eee 4, 11,12 escHenatl Gliese cee e mentee ete 4,3,9,43 | Sauropatis:c | \s.c-entteteestcke oe eee ee 22 palawanensis, Collocalia lowi......-.-.-.---- 26 chloris cyanescens....-..--- 5, 6, 7, 11, 22 Whitehead s.eec see 26,20] | eSavAgnils EUInN dOee seas eee soa eee ese aa 29,31 palmeri, Hirundo erythrogastra.......-...-- 29 TUStICS | Cateccesectmeere as 30, 31 MAMINONSIS,PACPIAlitASe ae aen ccselssiecsociceinincrss 1S eSCOlOpaCldaees see se sees ase aee aie ener 14 panayensis, Lamprocorax........-..-.------ 58-59/8 | PSharpelg COVE vecmer es seem eiceictee eateries 23 panayensis........ Di ESiMplex. ich OO OU Sle ne see ease eeem eee 44, 46 Muscicapa -c a.esscccscasnonacecs 58 IPVCNOnObUS Paces eee eee eee 44, 45 paradiseus, Dissemurus paradiseus.......-.. 59 simplexzi a cass-so see 43, 45 pelecanoides, Sterna....................----- 15 | siparaja, Aethopyga siparaja.....-...-...---- 65 Thalasseus bergii........ 4,7,8,11,15 | solitaria, Therosa...--.-.......--.---.------- 26 Pelecanus MINGLE... 2. cceacaweniseciessseees ces 12)5| RSOMtaniuS) | COW oe eens eeeaeisn cee eraeeia 25

INDEX.

Page.

Blorna moelanauychen. <. 2... 0. asc -2<0 cw ccs 16 melanauchen . 4, 7,8, 11,16, 17

PLOVIGAL RK en ececestece 16, 17 MWElECRNOIMES Ao ocean secre sebeseee tere ce 15 DLLeatA Seapets cs testrece sews coaene nes 17 Sunita A POLIS a5,5-.c cesinwoceeaccmuceeeoeeaes 59 strigatus, Lamprocorax payanensis........-.. 57, 58 PUPGUSSe SA Sage ce noo cece ba ecebee 58

styani, Hypothymis azurea.................. 39 suavis, Kittacincla malabarica............... 51,54 SUPlULCAtUS, CY PSClUS Ss. occ. 2 se'sana eee e cee 26 MAGKOPUSS sie icenwesizciteceoccas 5, 11,26

SDL SCa, NETUMUT Of Saree ats stare cise ccice aes se istalsie 34 sumatrensis, Artamides sumatrensis........-. 34 VIVE ACF te ids ce ccls Peicice cwsisiscicaveiccciseles s 54 symmixta, Hypothymis azurea ........-..... 40 PAD MEMSIS) AND LONISS ascis slaciste es ciainletcicjoe eis s viaees 59 tahitica, Hirundo.......-.--- Hasoeneciewecicesis 34 ERA AIASSOUS = oeio < te cio Sein cfal vino =e Gis micicis este mteiare 15 Perel ssanncsean soos sac eewsiecees 15 pelecanoides.......-. 4,7,8,11,15

thapsina, Aegithina viridissima... 5,6, 10, 11,40, 41 SNOT OS Mee ce saat ccoe ee eiaes sais cece oss 25 ATE OMUA LA ac sal cicieiinis's = sienie sls cinieieiorsle 26

CY AMOPCCEUS: on. \a cia satel eeinimicielaels's 26

SOUUATIA= ccna oweee nea weccese eset esis 26

thoa, Hemiprocne longipennis.............-- 28 PRIA AG. 2 cosa saisweeeinc sees Semicecisieesicee 47 todayensis, Lamprocorax. ...2.---.+----..--+ 58 ‘Yotanus totanus eurhinus............-..- 4,8,9,14 transitiva, Hirundo rustica.........-..... 29, 30, 31

Page. RTCUONIGAGS oe meee sem ceen eee eee eee ee 18 tridactyis) Cevrisovacosnacacne cc touaceee 23, 24, 25 Pridactylusis~sscsaccss seco 24,25 trigonostigma, Dicaeum................---0- 67 trigonostigmum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum. . 67 iringaihy poleucoss=ssssssenaoeesas so cae eee 15 Oahuensis® 202522 s-6 saseou as cee nse 12 Mryneariicolliscca-seee sass saaceee see sees ee 14 MuUpaiasj-.sissae see Seen oeee eee eee 3 PULCIdaes 4.222 cay tee seman aed ease eopeae 51 MURCAINUS! Shoe oe ates pscelis' ee eee eee 48 Murdusichalybenspeasee-seeesensss eee eee 58 COlUnTDINUS 25.6) aa) sence nee 59 sinivatuss Joes. eos eee saeco e sees 58 ey tlerisHirnndomcsess ccc o.c aoe een eee eee 29, 30 BUStICA>. 2 jee sea See eee 29, 30, 31 Hypothymis azureas....-s.2-csesaes< 39 Wrococey mess - ose oct sa eae esas ce. ee oeee 22 erythrognathus*......-<-...26 5,6, 11, 22 vernans, Dendrophassa vernans.........-.-- 20 Wirescens, -BUtoridessoce cece cosas eeeice eee 1 Wiridissimia, Aepithing: 202. scccs.cecencesecee 41 viridissima........... 40 witiensis:(A plonis.octies scacatoesace cesses 59 whitehead; Collocalia: 3.5 -<..2--seesssesseees 26, 27 whiteheadi........... 26, 27 Xanthopygia zanthopygia-......... Saaaee 5,6, 9,38 zanthopygia, Muscicapa...-...----..-------- 38 ManthopyPias--oss-sese oes 5,6, 9,38

zapolius, Pycnonotus brunneus... 5,6, 10, 11,45, 46 zophera, Mixornis pileata... 5,6, 7,8, 9,10, 11,49, 50

O

‘AOA

3 9088